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1 Jun 1998

Volume 72, Issue 22, pp. 2779-2913

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Near-field scanning solid immersion microscope

L. P. Ghislain and V. B. Elings

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2779 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121457 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

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We report a near-field scanning optical microscope using a solid immersion lens having a sharp tip that is mounted to a cantilever. The sharp tip allows the sample to enter the near field of the illumination. The cantilever provides sensitive control of forces. We describe two types of near-field optical contrast, interference and reflection, that simultaneously measure surface topography and reflectivity. Using a super-hemispherical lens with index n = 2.2 and 442 nm illumination, the microscope resolves optical features smaller than 150 nm, a factor of 2 improvement over a conventional optical microscope. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes

Guiding and antiguiding effects in epitaxially regrown vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

T.-H. Oh, M. R. McDaniel, D. L. Huffaker, and D. G. Deppe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2782 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121458 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

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The fabrication and optical mode characteristics of epitaxially regrown vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers are presented. Modeling suggests that a highly resistive AlGaAs current blocking layer grown at low temperature by molecular beam epitaxy can be used to form an antiguiding structure, and antiguiding effects are observed in 10 μm diameter devices. Additional influence on the optical mode arises due to discontinuities associated with the etch and regrowth. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors

Enhancement of x-ray lasing due to wavefront correction of line-focusing optics with a large-aperture deformable mirror

Geun-Young Yoon, Takeomi Imani, Hiroyuki Daido, Takahisa Jitsuno, Yoshiaki Kato, Masahiro Nakatsuka, Shiji Wang, Zunqi Lin, Yuan Gu, Guanlong Huang, Huajing Tang, and Guoping Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2785 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121459 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

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Intense x-ray laser radiation at 7.92 nm in nickel-like neodymium has been achieved by improving the line-focusing pattern using a large-aperture deformable mirror. A deformable mirror of 40 cm diameter with hexagonally arranged 37 mechanical actuators has been developed. The wavefront aberration due to a cylindrical lens used for line focusing has been corrected with the deformable mirror to produce a line-focusing pattern of uniform narrow width and uniform intensity distribution. The intensity of the x-ray laser beam has increased six times due to the improvement of the line-focusing pattern. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.55.Vc X- and γ-ray lasers
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation

Enhanced nonlinear optical response of an endohedral metallofullerene through metal-to-cage charge transfer

J. R. Heflin, D. Marciu, C. Figura, S. Wang, P. Burbank, S. Stevenson, and H. C. Dorn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2788 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121456 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

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A new mechanism for increasing the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, χ(3), is described for endohedral metallofullerenes. A two to three orders of magnitude increase in the nonlinear response is reported for degenerate four-wave mixing experiments conducted with solutions of Er2C82 (isomer III) relative to empty-cage fullerenes. A value of −8.7×10−32 esu is found for the molecular susceptibility, γxyyx, of Er2C82 compared to previously reported values of γxxxx = 3×10−34 esu and γxyyx = 4×10−35 esu for C60. The results confirm the importance of the metal-to-cage charge-transfer mechanism for enhancing the nonlinear optical response in endohedral metallofullerenes. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
61.48.-c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular structures

Long pulse operation of an x-ray preionized molecular fluorine laser excited by a prepulse–main pulse system with a magnetic switch

H. M. J. Bastiaens, S. J. M. Peeters, X. Renard, P. J. M. Peters, and W. J. Witteman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2791 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121460 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

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The application of a prepulse–main pulse excitation scheme utilizing a saturable magnetic switch in combination with x-ray preionization has resulted in the generation of long optical pulses from a molecular fluorine laser. Optimum laser pulse durations of 70 ns (full width half maximum) have been obtained in a gas mixture of helium and 3 mbar fluorine at a total pressure of 2 bar. The laser pulse duration is limited by instabilities in the discharge. The laser pulse duration is found to decrease with increasing fluorine pressure and to saturate with increasing current density. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Domain inversion by pulse poling in polymer films

V. Taggi, F. Michelotti, M. Bertolotti, G. Petrocco, V. Foglietti, A. Donval, E. Toussaere, and J. Zyss

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2794 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121494 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

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We report on an original technique for poling polymeric thin films, which allowed us to obtain a second-order nonlinear inverted domain structure, which could be used for frequency-doubling waveguides under quasi-phase-matching condition. Measurements of the local value and orientation of the electro-optic r33 tensor component were performed by a reflection microscopic electro-optic ellipsometer. The measured parameters for the nonlinear structure induced in the polymeric film result to be consistent with the expected values. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
77.84.Jd Polymers; organic compounds

Laser cleaning of field emitter arrays for enhanced electron emission

O. Yavas, N. Suzuki, M. Takai, A. Hosono, and S. Kawabuchi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2797 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121461 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

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The effect of laser irradiation on the electron emission efficiency of field emitter arrays has been investigated as a function of wavelength using different harmonics of a diode-pumped Nd:YLF laser. While irradiation in the infrared or visible range did not induce any observable change in the emission behavior, ultraviolet laser irradiation, even at a lower fluence compared to infrared or visible, resulted in a significant increase of the emission efficiency, revealing that the photodecomposition of organic contaminants is the main mechanism for cleaning. During laser irradiation, the emission current increases gradually, approaching a saturation level as the surface is cleaned. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
42.62.-b Laser applications

Cavitation and acoustic emission around laser-heated microparticles

Charles P. Lin and Michael W. Kelly

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2800 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121462 (3 pages) | Cited 51 times

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We studied transient cavitation bubble formation and acoustic emission around individual laser-heated microparticles using subnanosecond time-resolved microscopy. Microcavitation bubbles were observed as early as 0.5 ns after the particles were heated by a 30 ps laser pulse. The bubbles expanded to a few micrometers in size and collapsed on the time scale of 0.1–1 μsec. We discuss microcavitation as the origin of anomalously large photoacoustic effects and nonlinear optical responses observed in laser-heated colloidal suspensions, as well as a mechanism for cellular damage in biologic tissue containing pigment particles. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.  
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47.55.dp Cavitation and boiling
43.35.Ei Acoustic cavitation in liquids
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
43.35.Ud Thermoacoustics, high temperature acoustics, photoacoustic effect
79.20.Ds Laser-beam impact phenomena
62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids
78.20.hb Piezo-optical, elasto-optical, acousto-optical, and photoelastic effects

Quantitative determination of the local Kerr rotation by scanning near-field magneto-optic microscopy

P. Fumagalli, A. Rosenberger, G. Eggers, A. Münnemann, N. Held, and G. Güntherodt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2803 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121463 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

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By using a polarization-modulation technique in combination with reflection-mode scanning near-field optical microscopy we are able to determine quantitatively the local polar Kerr rotation on thin magnetic films. As an example, the magneto-optic contrast of magnetic domains thermomagnetically written on a Co/Pt sample is discussed. The size of the magnetic domains is 3×0.5 μm2 and the angular resolution of the local Kerr rotation is better than 0.1°. This measurement technique will make it possible to investigate, e.g., the fine structure of domain walls by scanning near-field optical microscopy. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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75.70.Kw Domain structure (including magnetic bubbles and vortices)
78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes

Dual-functional polymeric waveguide with optical amplification and electro-optic modulation

Dechang An, Zuzhou Yue, and Ray T. Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2806 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121464 (2 pages) | Cited 16 times

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Optical amplification and first-order electro-optic effect have been observed simultaneously in one polymeric material photolime gel which has been used widely as a volume holographic material to produce dichromated gelatin films. In this letter, the dual functions were achieved by doping neodymium chloride hexahydrate and chlorophenol red. The optimized doping concentration of Nd+3 is 6.7×1019 cm−3. The weight percentage of chlorophenol red is 23%. We observed a 3.8 dB of optical gain at 1.06 μm and an electro-optic coefficient of 22 pm/V at 633 nm. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
42.79.Wc Optical coatings
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators

Gratinglike modulation of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well intermixing fabricated with laser interference

Jaw-Jung Shin, Steffen Gurtler, Yih Chang, and C. C. Yang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2808 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121465 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

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We report the observation of a μm range periodical modulation of a band gap caused by gratinglike quantum well intermixing in an intrinsic GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well structure. The intermixing grating was formed with the irradiation of the interference fringe of the second harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser followed by a rapid thermal annealing process. The intermixing grating periods were measured with an optical setup for simultaneously monitoring the photoluminescence intensities of two closely spaced wavelengths with a sub-μm spatially scanning resolution. The measured periods included a cluster of features around 2 μm which was consistent with that of the laser interference fringe. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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73.21.-b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems
73.61.Ey III-V semiconductors
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
73.40.Kp III-V semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
42.79.Dj Gratings

Cylindrical microlasers and light emitting devices from conducting polymers

S. V. Frolov, A. Fujii, D. Chinn, Z. V. Vardeny, K. Yoshino, and R. V. Gregory

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2811 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121466 (3 pages) | Cited 59 times

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Substantially improved, photopumped polymer lasers are demonstrated using microrings and microdisks of various diameters D ranging from 5 to 200 μm. Various cavity-dependent laser modes were observed, which for D<10 μm were dominated by a single longitudinal mode with linewidth of less than 1 Å. These microlasers were also characterized by Q of order 5000, low threshold excitation energy of order 100 pJ/pulse for pulse duration ranging from 100 ps to sub-μs, and an abrupt increase in the emission directionality and polarization degree. Light emitting diodes with cylindrical geometry, fully compatible with these microlasers are also demonstrated. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.70.Hj Laser materials
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
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