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23 Feb 1998

Volume 72, Issue 8, pp. 873-995

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Stabilization of cubic CrN0.6 in CrN0.6/TiN superlattices

P. Yashar, X. Chu, S. A. Barnett, J. Rechner, Y. Y. Wang, M. S. Wong, and W. D. Sproul

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 987 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120621 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

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A transmission electron microscopy study of CrN0.6/TiN superlattices deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering is described. The stable structure of CrN0.60 is hexagonal, but high resolution transmission electron microscopy images of the superlattices showed that CrN0.6 layers ⩽10 nm thick were cubic, while 50 nm thick layers were hexagonal. That is, the cubic CrN structure was “epitaxially stabilized” by the cubic TiN, with which there is a 2.4% lattice mismatch. The superlattices with hexagonal CrN0.6 showed high strains and defect densities within ≈5 nm of each interface, presumably due to the 5.4% volume decrease associated with the cubic-to-hexagonal transformation. The effect of this strain on the transformation is discussed. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions
81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering

Amino acid synthesis from an amorphous substance composed of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen

Shin Miyakawa, Hideki Tamura, Akira B. Sawaoka, and Kensei Kobayashi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 990 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120617 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

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Hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, and ammonia are considered important intermediates in amino acid synthesis by electric discharge. In this study, however, amino acid precursors were synthesized from a CO–N2 mixture free of hydrogen atoms. An amorphous film composed of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen was given from a highly activated plasma. When exposed to atmospheric moisture, this film incorporated hydrogen atoms to yield amino acid. This is a mechanism for amino acid synthesis without involving hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, and ammonia. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.15.-v Biomolecules: structure and physical properties
52.77.Bn Etching and cleaning
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
82.33.Xj Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges)

Ultralow-temperature atomic force microscopy for the investigation of mesoscopic systems

D. V. Pelekhov, J. B. Becker, and G. Nunes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 993 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120618 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

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We have developed an atomic force microscope for the study of mesoscopic samples. The microscope operates at milliKelvin temperatures and in high magnetic fields. Sample images are presented showing atomic steps at 4.2 K and a mesoscopic ring at 30 mK in a 9 T field. Deflection of the force-sensing cantilever is detected via an optical fiber interferometer operating at very low power levels. The microscope is well suited to surface imaging simultaneous with transport measurements at ultralow temperatures, and to the in situ manipulation of sample properties. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
68.37.Rt Magnetic force microscopy (MFM)
68.37.Uv Near-field scanning microscopy and spectroscopy
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
73.23.-b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
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