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7 Sep 1998

Volume 73, Issue 10, pp. 1311-1448

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The electrorheological behavior of complex strontium titanate suspensions

Yuling Zhang, Yong Ma, Yucheng Lan, Kunquan Lu, and Wei Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1326 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121884 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

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A type of water-free electrorheological (ER) material-complex strontium titanate (STO) was synthesized by means of modified sol–gel. The ER behavior of the suspensions of STO particles in silicone oil with a 37% volume fraction was investigated systematically under both dc and ac electric fields. It is found that this ER fluid has many advantages, such as long-term stability against sedimentation, strong ER effect at low electric field, and a wide operating temperature range. The frequency dependence of ER behavior was also studied and can be partly explained on the basis of dielectric measurement. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.  
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83.80.-k Material type
77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids
83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams

Self-similarity of fluid flows

Liqiu Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1329 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121885 (2 pages)

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Relations among flows at different scales are developed through examining flow response to multiplicative changes of spatial and temporal scales. The scaling invariance of physical definitions leads to the self-similarity of flows and the scaling invariance of fundamental laws governing the flows. Also developed is both the necessary and sufficient condition for a physical quantity to be self-similar, which forms a general function dependence of any self-similar quantity on position and time. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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47.10.-g General theory in fluid dynamics
47.11.-j Computational methods in fluid dynamics

Breakdown of equilibrium approximation for nanosecond laser-induced electron emission from silicon

Samual S. Mao, Xianglei Mao, Ralph Greif, and Richard E. Russo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1331 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121886 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

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We demonstrate that nonequilibrium carrier dynamics play a significant role in nanosecond laser-induced electron emission from semiconductor surfaces. Surface emission current and electron yields due to thermionic and photoelectric effects are calculated for a 2 ns laser pulse irradiation, with fluences below the threshold for melting. The photoelectric effect is found to dominate electron emission only at low fluences, whereas thermionic emission from interband absorption is responsible for electron emission at high incident fluences. The results present a satisfactory interpretation of experimental observations for nanosecond laser-induced electron emission from silicon. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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79.60.Bm Clean metal, semiconductor, and insulator surfaces
79.40.+z Thermionic emission

X-ray emission from metallic (Al) and dielectric (glass) targets irradiated by intense ultrashort laser pulses

A. Saemann and K. Eidmann

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1334 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121887 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

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We measured in a large spectral range from 180 eV to 20 keV the x-ray emission from aluminum and glass targets irradiated by 150 fs laser pulses at intensities of ≈ 1017 W/cm2. Unexpected large differences are observed at photon energies above ≈ 1 keV, where the Al target emitted almost 100 times more x rays than glass. Important for this result is a high prepulse to main pulse contrast. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
28.52.Cx Fueling, heating and ignition
52.70.La X-ray and γ-ray measurements
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