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5 Oct 1998

Volume 73, Issue 14, pp. 1925-2058

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Mesoscopic structure of DNA–membrane self-assemblies: Microdiffraction and manipulation on lithographic substrates

Gerard C. L. Wong, Youli Li, Ilya Koltover, Cyrus R. Safinya, Zhonghou Cai, and Wenbing Yun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2042 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122361 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

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Using microdiffraction techniques at the Advanced Photon Source, we have found evidence for local molecular alignment within the mesoscopic fibers of DNA–cationic membrane complexes, a system originally conceived as gene delivery vectors. Furthermore, these mesoscopic structures can be manipulated by using lithographically patterned microchannel arrays, so that the optical axes of individual fibers are aligned parallel to the channels. These observations suggest that DNA–membrane complexes may have additional technological applications, such as active electrophoretic media and templates for the fabrication of semiconductor superlattices and nanoporous materials with tunable pore sizes. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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87.15.B- Structure of biomolecules
87.15.K- Molecular interactions; membrane-protein interactions
87.16.-b Subcellular structure and processes
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer

Domain wall pinning contribution to the nonlinear dielectric permittivity in Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 thin films

D. V. Taylor and D. Damjanovic

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2045 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122362 (3 pages) | Cited 55 times

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The ac field dependence of dielectric response of sol-gel derived Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 thin films is presented. The analysis of amplitude and phase angle of first and third harmonic of the polarization at subswitching fields shows that a description of the dielectric nonlinearity by the classical polynomial approximation is inadequate. A qualitatively better description of many features of the experimental data is obtained using the Rayleigh relationship, indicating that the nonlinear behavior is associated with the pinning of domain walls on randomly distributed pinning centers. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.80.Fm Switching phenomena
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Microguns with 100-V electron beams

Vu Thien Binh, V. Semet, D. Guillot, P. Legagneux, and D. Pribat

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2048 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122363 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

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The microgun is a combination of a nanotip and a microlens which is composed of two planar micron-size bore electrodes and a coplanar four-pole deflector microfabricated on the same Si chip. The focusing and deflection characteristics of the microgun, working as an immersion lens at 100 V, have been studied both experimentally and by numerical simulations. Results show unique electron optics properties due mainly to the coherence of the electron beam emitted from the nanotip and to the noninteraction of the incident electrons with the different microelectrodes. The focus spot can reach nanometric dimensions with minimum aberrations and a deflection amplitude of ∼ 2.5 mrad/V. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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84.47.+w Vacuum tubes
41.85.Ne Electrostatic lenses, septa
02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations
41.85.Lc Particle beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and quadrupoles

Josephson junctions defined by a nanoplough

B. Irmer, R. H. Blick, F. Simmel, W. Gödel, H. Lorenz, and J. P. Kotthaus

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2051 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122364 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

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We define superconducting constrictions by ploughing a deposited Aluminum film with a scanning probe microscope. The microscope tip is modified by electron-beam deposition to form a nanoplough of diamond-like hardness which allows the definition of highly transparent Josephson junctions. Additionally, a dc superconducting quantum interference device is fabricated in order to verify the junction’s behavior. The devices are easily integrated in mesoscopic devices as local radiation sources and can be used as tunable on-chip millimeter-wave sources. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
85.25.Cp Josephson devices
85.25.Dq Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs)
74.78.-w Superconducting films and low-dimensional structures
74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and binary compounds (including A15, MgB2, etc.)
68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
68.37.Rt Magnetic force microscopy (MFM)
68.37.Uv Near-field scanning microscopy and spectroscopy

Electromechanical properties of electrostrictive poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene) copolymer

Xing-Zhong Zhao, Vivek Bharti, Q. M. Zhang, T. Romotowski, F. Tito, and R. Ting

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2054 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122365 (3 pages) | Cited 45 times

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We report a large electrostrictive strain in electron irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene) copolymer at a composition with 65 mol % vinylidene fluoride, which also exhibits a large ratio of strain to applied field (∼275 pm/V). The strain response is nearly independent of the external driving condition (unipolar or bipolar field) and does not change with temperature in about 20 °C temperature range near room temperature. Moreover, near room temperature, the material can reach a relatively high quasistatic longitudinal electromechanical coupling factor k33 ∼ 0.33. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants
77.84.Jd Polymers; organic compounds
83.80.Tc Polymer blends
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