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19 Oct 1998

Volume 73, Issue 16, pp. 2233-2380

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Solvent-driven chemical motor

Tetsu Mitsumata, Kazuo Ikeda, Jian Ping Gong, and Yoshihito Osada

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2366 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122505 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

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A solvent-driven chemical motor using amphiphilic polymer gel has been fabricated. The driving force of the gel originates from the surface tension of spreading organic fluid which is pumped out by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures in the gel. A tetrahydrofurane-swollen gel equipped with a spouting hole made a controlled translational motion with a velocity of 77 mm/s or rotational motion with a maximum speed of 400 rpm and a torque of 10−9–10−7 Nm on the water surface. A generator to produce an electric power with a maximum electromotive force of 15 mV and electric power of 0.2 μW has also been constructed. The successful fabrication of gel motor may produce a new era of soft machine systems which work without pollution and unnecessary intermediates. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.  
Show PACS
84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
83.80.Tc Polymer blends

Fabrication and characterization of small tunnel junctions through a thin dielectric membrane

A. Aassime, A. J. Manninen, and J. P. Pekola

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2369 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122463 (3 pages)

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We show that a small tapered hole through a thin silicon nitride membrane provides a mask for tunnel junction structures. Our experiments imply, unlike in the conventional planar electron beam lithography, that tunnel junctions are well voltage biased in this structure with vanishingly small on-chip impedance. Our technique allows fabrication of double junctions, and even multijunction linear arrays, with small metallic islands in between. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling
85.35.Ds Quantum interference devices
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
73.40.Gk Tunneling

An optoelectronic thyristor-based analog-to-digital converter for parallel processing

J. Cai and G. W. Taylor

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2372 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122464 (3 pages)

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A single pixel optoelectronic analog-to-digital converter is described which is suitable for two-dimensional (2D) arrays as would be required for a digital optical signal processor. The conversion is based upon the use of an optoelectronic thyristor in the form of the double heterostructure optoelectronic switch as a comparator. Using the switch configured as a VCSEL and one field-effect transistor load device, the comparator delivers the binary output optically and, at the same time, provides an electrical output to combine with the input signal to determine the next lower order bit. The function is similar to the algorithmic electrical converter with several optoelectronic advantages. Resolution of 10 bits is expected at speeds of 100 MHz with scaled transistor technology. The compact size of the circuit and the algorithm suggest a viable approach for conversion of 2D data arrays in real time. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers, limiters, and compressors
07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography

Controlled ink-jet printing and deposition of organic polymers and solid particles

Gökhan Perçin, Thomas S. Lundgren, and Butrus T. Khuri-Yakub

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2375 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122465 (3 pages) | Cited 36 times

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See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
In this letter, we present a technique for the deposition of inks, organic polymers and solid particles, using a fluid ejector. The ejector design is based on a flextensional transducer that excites axisymmetric resonant modes in a clamped circular membrane. It is constructed by bonding a thin piezoelectric annular ring to a thin, edge supported, circular membrane. Liquids or solid particles are placed behind one face of the membrane which has a small orifice (50–200 μm diam) at its center. By applying an ac signal across the piezoelectric element, continuous or drop-on-demand ejection of photoresist (Shipley Microposit S1400-21, S1400-27, S1805, and S1813), oil-based ink, water, or talcum powder [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2] has been achieved. Successful deposition of photoresist has been accomplished without spinning, and thus without waste. Patterning of 10 μm features, by baking, exposure, and developing, has revealed no defects in the deposition process. A boundary integral method was used to numerically simulate drop formation from the vibrating orifice. Simulations have been used to optimize ejection performance. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
85.40.Sz Deposition technology
81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering, mechanical alloying, and granulation
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
07.07.Mp Transducers
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