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26 Oct 1998

Volume 73, Issue 17, pp. 2393-2529

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Generation of picosecond hard x rays by tera watt laser focusing on a copper target

Masatake Yoshida, Yasushi Fujimoto, Yoichiro Hironaka, Kazutaka G. Nakamura, Ken-ichi Kondo, Masayuki Ohtani, and Hiroshi Tsunemi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2393 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122444 (3 pages) | Cited 41 times

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Hard x-ray generation from tera-watt laser irradiation (4 TW, 42 fs at 780 nm) on a solid copper target has been studied in a range of the laser-power density between 3×1016 and 2×1017 W/cm2. Short-pulsed x rays are generated within 6.4 ps and include Cu Kα and Kβ line emissions and a continuum between 3 and 6 keV. The maximum intensity of Cu Kα radiation has been estimated to be 6.5×1010 photons (4π sr pulse)−1. The mechanism of hard x-ray generation has been discussed. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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07.85.Fv X- and γ-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors
52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
52.70.La X-ray and γ-ray measurements
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)

Two-dimensionally conjugated molecules: The importance of low molecular symmetry for large third-order nonlinear optical effects

U. Gubler, R. Spreiter, Ch. Bosshard, P. Günter, R. R. Tykwinski, and F. Diederich

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2396 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122445 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

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Low molecular symmetry with regard to the conjugation path of the delocalized electrons was found to be a good guideline towards linearly conjugated molecules with large second-order hyperpolarizabilities γ. We show that this guideline is also valid for two-dimensionally conjugated systems. We experimentally demonstrate this by third-harmonic generation measurements of two-dimensionally conjugated organic molecules, and show that the observed effects can be explained by the symmetry of the electronic wave functions. In addition, the positive impact of the substitution of phenyl rings by thienyl rings on γ is discussed. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.79.Nv Optical frequency converters
33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility

High-efficiency, low-drive-voltage, semitransparent stacked organic light-emitting device

G. Gu, V. Khalfin, and S. R. Forrest

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2399 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122446 (3 pages) | Cited 44 times

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We report a semitransparent, two-color, stacked organic light-emitting device (SOLED) with high efficiency, low drive voltage, and minimal color distortion. The SOLED emits light from both device surfaces. The external quantum efficiencies of the green and red stacked elements are 1% and 0.4%, respectively, where only the photons emitted from the substrate surface are collected. The drive voltage for the top stack element is decreased to ∼12 V by using a modified indium tin oxide thin film deposition process. Color distortion and angular dependence of the emission spectra are minimal. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
85.60.Pg Display systems

Selectable dual-wavelength pulses generated from a laser diode using external feedback from a two-chromatic fiber grating

Y. Zhao and C. Shu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2402 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122447 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

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A simple, robust, and easily integrable external cavity is demonstrated for the generation of self-seeded dual-wavelength pulses at about 1550 nm. The key component for wavelength selection is a two-chromatic fiber grating. Dual-wavelength pulses with equal intensities at the wavelengths and side-mode-suppression ratio of about 18 dB are obtained. By controlling the bias current and the polarization state, the laser can also be switched into single wavelength oscillation. Discrete tuning of the dual-wavelength pulses has also been demonstrated over a total range of 12.1 nm while maintaining a constant spacing of 6.3 nm. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.79.Dj Gratings
42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices

Very high-speed metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors fabricated on GaN

J. C. Carrano, T. Li, D. L. Brown, P. A. Grudowski, C. J. Eiting, R. D. Dupuis, and J. C. Campbell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2405 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122448 (3 pages) | Cited 29 times

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We report on the temporal and the frequency response of metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors fabricated on single-crystal GaN. The best devices show a fast 10%–90% rise time of ∼23 ps implying a bandwidth of >15 GHz. These time domain data have been corroborated by direct measurement of the power spectral content. From this a cutoff frequency, f3 dB, of ∼16 GHz has been obtained. Analysis in terms of reverse bias and geometric scaling indicates that the photodetectors are transit-time limited. Modeling of the temporal behavior indicates that a slow component in the time and frequency response data is a consequence of the hole drift velocity. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
73.40.Sx Metal-semiconductor-metal structures
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)

Highly efficient photorefractive polymer-dispersed liquid crystals

A. Golemme, B. Kippelen, and N. Peyghambarian

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2408 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122449 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

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We report on high-resolution photorefractive polymer-dispersed liquid crystals that lead to high diffraction efficiency at lower applied fields compared with photorefractive polymers. The diffraction efficiency reaches 100% internally for 105-μm-thick samples at a field of 8 V/μm. Net optical gain and diffraction efficiencies of 56% are demonstrated in 53-μm-thick devices. Subsecond response times have also been obtained using polymeric matrices with good transport properties. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics

All-optical liquid device derived from negative nonlinear absorption effect in an erbium chloride solution

Yoshinobu Maeda, Yoshiki Akidzuki, and Toshikazu Yamada

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2411 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122450 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

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The dependence of the negative nonlinear absorption effect on the modulation degree and frequency was investigated in an erbium chloride solution using a 807.6 nm laser diode. The reverse-phased wave forms were obtained in the transmitted wave form for sample lengths greater than 6 cm. Though the reverse-phased wave form was observed symmetrically at modulation frequency of 0.1 MHz, they were asymmetrical at higher than 0.25 MHz. The effect has a characteristic which is almost independent of the state of erbium ions because it is formed by optical transitions of the inner shell of the erbium atom. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency
42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems

Relationship between optical and structural properties in substituted quaterthiophene crystals

G. Gigli, M. Lomascolo, R. Cingolani, G. Barbarella, M. Zambianchi, L. Antolini, F. Della Sala, A. Di Carlo, and P. Lugli

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2414 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122451 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

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The optical properties of polysubstituted α-conjugated quaterthiophene crystals display marked differences depending on substitution pattern and molecular conformation. The combination of optical spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction elucidates the correlation among molecular functionalization, crystalline structure, and electronic states. The data are quantitatively interpreted by a semiempirical technique that provides the excited state energies starting from the measured molecular geometry. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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61.66.Hq Organic compounds
71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
78.40.Me Organic compounds and polymers
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