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6 Jul 1998

Volume 73, Issue 1, pp. 1-131

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Technique for integration of vertical cavity lasers and resonant photodetectors

O. Sjölund, D. A. Louderback, E. R. Hegblom, J. Ko, and L. A. Coldren

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122951 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

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We demonstrate a design that allows fabrication of substrate input/output resonant-cavity photodetectors and vertical cavity lasers (VCLs) on the same substrate without regrowth. By selectively oxidizing a few layers in the bottom mirror the as-grown 80% reflectivity mirror, used as the input mirror for the detector, is converted to a 99.3% reflectivity mirror allowing fabrication of VCLs from the same epitaxial material. Since these two reflectivities are uncorrelated, the detectors and VCLs can be individually designed. Despite the change in refractive index from ∼3 to ∼1.6 in the oxidized layers, the structure can be designed to have nearly the same resonance wavelength for both the detectors and VCLs. Using this design strategy, we have successfully fabricated high-performance resonant photodetectors and VCLs from the same epitaxial material. The photodetectors have an absorption of 56% and an optical bandwidth of 5.9 nm, in good agreement with theory. Small diameter, single-mode VCLs have threshold currents as low as 180 μA with 33% slope efficiencies while multimode devices have slope efficiencies exceeding 60% with less than 500 μA threshold currents. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
81.65.Mq Oxidation
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Improved performance of photorefractive polymers based on merocyanine dyes in a polar matrix

Klaus Meerholz, Yessica De Nardin, Reinhard Bittner, Rüdiger Wortmann, and Frank Würthner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 4 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122950 (3 pages) | Cited 25 times

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Recently, chromophores with a large figure-of-merit for incorporation into photorefractive polymers with low glass-transition temperature have become available. However, their rather polar nature so far limited their use in typical nonpolar photoconducting matrices due to dye aggregation. By incorporation of an additional polar compound we were able to influence this situation favorably. The material we report here has a factor 4 to 5 (2) improved index modulation amplitude (gain coefficient) compared to the best previously known materials. The material is sufficiently resistant against phase separation and operates in the near infrared at typical wavelengths of commercially available high-power laser diodes. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
78.20.-e Optical properties of bulk materials and thin films
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials

Single-molecule spectroscopy with 27 fs pulses: Time-resolved experiments and direct imaging of orientational distributions

M. A. Bopp, Y. Jia, G. Haran, E. A. Morlino, and R. M. Hochstrasser

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 7 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121730 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

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Confocal microscopy of single molecules bound on a silica surface is performed with precompressed 27 fs laser pulses. Interferometric autocorrelation using a single molecule is demonstrated. It is also shown that orientational distributions can be directly obtained from one- and two-photon images produced with circularly polarized light. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials

Ultrafast optical switching by photoinduced electrochromism in cast films of polymeric 4,4′-bipyridinium salts with di-iodides

Hiroshi Inoue, Hiroshi Sakaguchi, and Toshihiko Nagamura

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 10 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122952 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

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Femtosecond dynamics of color changes due to photoinduced electron transfer and reverse reactions in polymeric 4,4′-bipyridinium di-iodides salts were studied with a fs laser pump–probe technique. The characteristic color change was shown to take place in less than 1 ps by fs-laser excitation of an ion-pair charge-transfer band, which may be applied to ultrafast THz all-optical switching devices using visible light. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
82.50.-m Photochemistry

Heterodyning scheme employing quantum interference

Jacob B. Khurgin, Babak Saif, and Bernard Seery

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 13 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121707 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

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We propose a method of heterodyne detection of far-infrared signals using quantum interference between one- and two-photon absorption. We suggest different implementations of the scheme using multiple quantum well detectors and evaluate its sensitivity. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
85.35.Ds Quantum interference devices

Two-dimensional photorefractive spatial solitons in centrosymmetric paraelectric potassium–lithium–tantalate–niobate

Eugenio DelRe, Mario Tamburrini, Mordechai Segev, Eli Refaeli, and Aharon J. Agranat

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 16 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121708 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

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We report the observation of steady-state two-dimensional photorefractive self-trapping and screening spatial soliton formation in a sample of potassium–lithium–tantalate–niobate in the centrosymmetric paraelectric phase. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.70.Gi Light-sensitive materials
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
78.20.-e Optical properties of bulk materials and thin films

Monolithically integrated surface and substrate emitting vertical cavity lasers for smart pixels

Aaron E. Bond and P. Daniel Dapkus

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 19 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121709 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

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The authors present a way to monolithically integrate surface—and substrate—emitting vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) on a single substrate for use in smart pixel applications. Spatially selective oxidation is used to adjust the reflectivity of distributed Bragg reflectors to fabricate surface and substrate emitting VCSELs with threshold currents of 65–70 μA, far field FWHMs of 9°–16°, and slope efficiencies of 16%–18%. Threshold currents and far field angles for various aperture dimensions are measured and discussed. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices

Thermo-optical nonlinearity of GaN grown by metalorganic chemical- vapor deposition

G. Y. Zhao, H. Ishikawa, G. Yu, T. Egawa, J. Watanabe, T. Soga, T. Jimbo, and M. Umeno

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 22 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121710 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

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A study of thermo-optical coefficient (dn/dT) of GaN using spectroscopic ellipsometry is made, and a large thermo-optical nonlinearity near band edge, which increases with increasing temperature, has been observed. Kramers–Kronig transformation has been used to verify our results and a qualitative consistency has been obtained. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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78.20.N- Thermo-optic effects
78.20.nb Photothermal effects
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
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