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28 Dec 1998

Volume 73, Issue 26, pp. 3803-3961

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Electron emission spectra from lead zirconate titanate ferroelectric films on stainless-steel substrates

E. Sviridov, R. Le Bihan, S. F. Liateni, and A. Désécures

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3953 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122947 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

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Emission of electrons from lead zirconate titanate films was measured using excitation voltage pulses of different waveforms. Time-resolved measurements of the emission, voltage, and circuit current were conducted simultaneously. Electron emission spectra excited by a sine-wave voltage exhibited two distinguishable peaks arising every second half period of the applied voltage. Electron emission was also induced by film excitation with either square-wave voltage below coercive field, or unipolar pulses of appropriate polarity. The peculiarities of the emission are considered in terms of reversal of both induced (dielectric) and spontaneous (ferroelectric) polarization. Excitation of the electron emission in the “inversion of induced charge” mode seems to eliminate problems associated with reversal of spontaneous polarization as fatigue and necessity of resetting. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

High-speed force sensor for force microscopy and profilometry utilizing a quartz tuning fork

Franz J. Giessibl

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3956 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122948 (3 pages) | Cited 107 times

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Force sensors are key elements of atomic force microscopes and surface profilometers. Sensors with an integrated deflection meter are particularly desirable. Here, quartz tuning forks as used in watches are utilized as force sensors. A novel technique is employed which simplifies the interpretation of the data and increases the imaging speed by at least one order of magnitude compared to previous implementations. The variation of the imaging signal with distance fits well to a Hertzian contact model. Images of compact discs and calibration gratings, which have been obtained with scanning speeds up to 230 μm/s, are presented. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance; quartz resonators

Coulomb blockade and discrete energy levels in Au nanoparticles

Dragomir Davidović and M. Tinkham

Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3959 (1998); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122949 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

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We describe a fabrication technique in which a nanoscale Au grain is connected to two Cr electrodes. Electron transport in our samples can be fitted to orthodox theory of single electron tunneling on a single particle. In one sample, we can resolve additional steps in current, which are interpreted as discrete quantum states of electrons added to the grain. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling
73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
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