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5 Apr 1999

Volume 74, Issue 14, pp. 1933-2093

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A monoclinic ferroelectric phase in the Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 solid solution

B. Noheda, D. E. Cox, G. Shirane, J. A. Gonzalo, L. E. Cross, and S-E. Park

Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2059 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123756 (3 pages) | Cited 371 times

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A previously unreported ferroelectric phase has been discovered in a highly homogeneous sample of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 by high-resolution synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction measurements. At ambient temperature the sample has tetragonal symmetry (at = 4.037 Å, ct = 4.138 Å), and transforms below ∼250 K into a phase which, unexpectedly, has monoclinic symmetry (am = 5.717 Å, bm = 5.703 Å, cm = 4.143 Å, β = 90.53°, at 20 K). The intensity data strongly indicate that the polar axis lies in the monoclinic ac plane close to the pseudocubic [111] direction, which would be an example of the species m3m(12)A2Fm predicted on symmetry grounds by Shuvalov. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects
64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions

Characterization of femtosecond self-pumped phase conjugation in BaTiO3

Changxi Yang, K. Minoshima, K. Seta, and H. Matsumoto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2062 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123757 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

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We report the generation and characterization of the self-pumped phase conjugation of 450 nm femtosecond pulses in BaTiO3. The pump beam is incident on the crystal from the −c face of the crystal. We suggest that the transmission grating exclusively contribute to the self-pumped phase conjugation and that the femtosecond self-pumped phase conjugator operate with a mechanism of holographic grating sharing. The self-pumped phase conjugate pulses are narrower than the transmitted pulses. The pulse width of the self-pumped phase conjugation increases as the incident angle. The angular dispersion caused by the air crystal interface and the dynamic gratings compensates for the material dispersion of the crystal, leading to narrower reflected pulses from the phase conjugator. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.70.Gi Light-sensitive materials
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials

Ferroelectricity of a hemicyanine dye in ultrathin organized molecular films: hysteresis and pyroelectric effects

Shihong Ma, Mei Yan, Xingze Lu, Wencheng Wang, Zhanghai Chen, Pulin Liu, Cuifeng Qu, Shenwei Lin, and Aili Ding

Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2065 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123758 (2 pages) | Cited 7 times

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Pyroelectricity of the optical nonlinear hemicyanine dye in organized molecular films has been demonstrated by using the electric polarization and second harmonic generation measurements. The typical hysteresis loop of the samples confirmed existence of the remnant polarization of hemicyanine molecules which is 600 μC m−2. The pyroelectric coefficient of hemicyanine was found to be 12 μC m−2 K−1 at room temperature and enhanced with increasing temperature monotonically which was well explained by using a molecular dipole reorientation model. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.84.Jd Polymers; organic compounds
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Relaxation studies of thin films oriented by corona poling for a poly(p-phenyleneterephthalate) with nonlinear optical side groups

Suck-Hyun Lee, Jung-Woo Lee, O-Pil Kwon, Chong-Ha Lee, and Young-Hee Won

Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2067 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123759 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

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We report relaxation studies of corona-poled aromatic polyester bearing a nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore as a side group. The effects of film thickness on the temporal stability of the NLO coefficient and atomic force microscope observation of corona-poling-induced film surface roughening are presented. The results indicated that this material exhibits exceptionally good temporal stability of the second-harmonic generation coefficient at room temperature even though its glass transition temperature, Tg is quite low. The temporal stability of the chromophore orientation seems to result from the coupling between the chromophore and its anisotropic surface domain environment. Thus, the design strategies to lock the domain itself would be valuable for improving geometrically long-term stability of second-order NLO properties. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.84.Jd Polymers; organic compounds
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)

Polarization switching of lithium niobate with giant internal field

L.-H. Peng, Y.-C. Fang, and Y.-C. Lin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2070 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123760 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

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We report a high-field analysis on the sidewise 180° domain motion in congruent-grown Z-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystals. Polarization switching in reverse poling is found to take place at a smaller field strength (E), exhibit a larger switching current (is), and substantiate a faster switching time (ts) compared with the forward poling case. Such an axial anisotropy is correlated to a defect-induced internal field Eint in the bulk and has a strength of 2.37 kV/mm and pointing along the crystal c axis. In the high-field regime ranging from 19 to 24 kV/mm, a linear dependence of is and 1/ts on E is resolved. These observations are ascribed to a fast nucleation process followed by a sidewise 180° domain expansion, whose velocity can be characterized according to νs = μs[E−(Ec±Eint)], where the threshold field Ec and mobility μs measure a strength of 18.74 kV/mm and 1.6±0.1 mm2/kV s, respectively. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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77.80.Fm Switching phenomena
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
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