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25 Jan 1999

Volume 74, Issue 4, pp. 483-629

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Microscopic observation of weak electric fields

W. Laï, A. Degiovanni, and R. Morin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 618 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123183 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

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Weak electric fields in vacuum around conductors like small metallic wires or tips are observed using a low-energy electron point projection microscope operating in interferential mode. Observations are made at room temperature with a sensitivity of a few hundred millivolts per micrometer and submicrometer spatial resolution. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers

Grain boundary barrier breakdown in niobium donor doped strontium titanate using in situ electron holography

Kevin D. Johnson and Vinayak P. Dravid

Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 621 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123184 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

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The electrical activity of numerous electroceramics originates with space charge potential across internal interfaces. Space charge formation and the resultant potential barrier at interfaces are believed to be responsible for many interesting and useful properties of electroceramics, ranging from nonlinear current–voltage characteristics to enhanced dielectric properties. Direct current electrical measurements of individual grain boundaries in Nb donor doped SrTiO3 bicrystals reveal a highly resistive and nonlinear behavior compared to single crystals. The origin of this nonlinear resistance has been examined with electron holography, observing both static and dynamic attributes of the internal potential. In the static case with no applied current, the grain boundary potential barrier height was measured to be about 0.45 V. During the application of a high current, this potential barrier was suppressed, presenting the first direct real space evidence for breakdown of an internal grain boundary barrier. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects
68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: structure and energetics
72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
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