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27 Sep 1999

Volume 75, Issue 13, pp. 1821-1987

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Field and potential around local scatterers in thin metal films studied by scanning tunneling potentiometry

Geetha Ramaswamy and A. K. Raychaudhuri

Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 1982 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124892 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

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We report the direct observation of electrochemical potential and local transport field variations near scatterers like grain boundaries, triple points, and voids in thin platinum films studied by scanning tunneling potentiometry. The field is highest at a void, followed by a triple point and a grain boundary. The local transport field near a void can even be four orders of magnitude higher than the macroscopic field, indicating that the void is the most likely place for an electromigration induced failure. The field build up for a particular type of scatterer depends on the grain connectivity. We estimate an average grain boundary reflection coefficient for the film from the temperature dependence of its resistivity. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
68.37.Rt Magnetic force microscopy (MFM)
68.37.Uv Near-field scanning microscopy and spectroscopy
66.30.Qa Electromigration
85.40.Qx Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure analysis
61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.)
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries

Acoustic generation in liquid crystals

Young Jin Kim and Jay S. Patel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 1985 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124893 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

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In this letter, we report on the acoustic emission from liquid crystals during the electric switching of these materials. The initial observation of the sound was in a bistable nematic liquid crystal. This investigation revealed that a faint, but audible, sound is generated when a liquid crystal is switched from one state to another. We have undertaken a systematic study to investigate the origin of acoustic generation in these materials. By investigating the intensity and frequency of the sound emission, we have concluded that the sound originates as a result of molecular motion, which results in the excitation of the cavity containing the liquid crystal. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids
61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
43.40.Le Techniques for nondestructive evaluation and monitoring, acoustic emission
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