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24 Apr 2000

Volume 76, Issue 17, pp. 2325-2474

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Temperature measurements of a thermal wave at static high pressures

G. I. Pangilinan, H. D. Ladouceur, and T. P. Russell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2460 (2000); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126376 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

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Experiments probing the dynamics of a thermal wave in a material compressed at static high pressures are presented. The method involves launching a thermal wave in a sample compressed in an anvil cell and monitoring the temporal profile of temperature at a fixed point downstream. A pulsed laser incident on a metal foil provides the thermal wave, while fluorescence from a small ruby sphere yields the time-resolved temperature. Results from compressed NaCl show that temperature rises quickly and decays much more slowly, consistent with the expected heat flow. This temporal profile evaluated with a numerical solution of the heat-conduction equation or an analytical approximation provides values for thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and heat capacity at pressures to 1.7 GPa. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
Show PACS
07.20.Dt Thermometers
78.20.N- Thermo-optic effects
78.20.nb Photothermal effects
78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
65.40.-b Thermal properties of crystalline solids
65.60.+a Thermal properties of amorphous solids and glasses: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
65.80.-g Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, nanotubes, and other related systems
44.10.+i Heat conduction
62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids

Physical origin of nonlinearity in the Fowler–Nordheim plot of field-induced emission from amorphous diamond films: Thermionic emission to field emission

N. S. Xu, Jun Chen, and S. Z. Deng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2463 (2000); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126377 (3 pages) | Cited 37 times

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Nonlinearity is observed in Fowler–Nordheim (FN) plots of field emission from nondoped and nitrogen-doped amorphous diamond films. Based on a unified electron emission equation a detailed analysis is carried out. The results from numerical calculation of the unified equation are consistent with the experimental data. It is shown that the nonlinearity in the FN plot originates from a transition from thermionic emission to field emission as the applied field increases. The electrical field ranges are derived in which the field emission and thermionic emission approximation applies. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
79.40.+z Thermionic emission
81.05.ub Fullerenes and related materials
73.50.-h Electronic transport phenomena in thin films
73.61.-r Electrical properties of specific thin films

Low-energy electron-beam patterning of amine-functionalized self-assembled monolayers

C. K. Harnett, K. M. Satyalakshmi, and H. G. Craighead

Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2466 (2000); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126378 (3 pages) | Cited 48 times

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Patterned amine-functionalized self-assembled monolayers have potential as a template for the deposition and patterning of a wide variety of materials on silicon surfaces, including biomolecules. Results are presented here for low-energy electron-beam patterning of 2-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and (aminoethylaminomethyl)phenethyltrimethoxysilane self-assembled monolayers on silicon substrates. On these ultrathin (1–2 nm) monolayers, lower electron beam energies (<5 keV) produce higher resolution patterns than high-energy beams. Auger electron spectroscopy indicates that low-energy electron exposure primarily damages the amine groups. At 1 keV, a dose of 40 μC/cm2 is required to make the patterns observable by lateral force microscopy. Features as small as 80 nm were exposed at 2 keV on these monolayers. After exposure, palladium colloids and aldehyde- and protein-coated polystyrene fluorescent spheres adhered only to unexposed areas of the monolayers. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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68.18.-g Langmuir-Blodgett films on liquids
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission

Field emission of different oriented carbon nanotubes

Yan Chen, David T. Shaw, and Liping Guo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2469 (2000); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126379 (3 pages) | Cited 135 times

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Field emission data from aligned high-density carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with orientations parallel, 45°, and perpendicular to the substrate have been obtained. The large-area uniformly distributed CNTs were synthesized on smooth nickel substrates via dc plasma-assisted hot filament chemical vapor deposition. CNTs with diameters in the range of 100–200 nm were employed in this study. The different orientations were obtained by changing the angle between the substrate and the electrical field direction. The growth mechanism for the alignment and orientation control of CNTs has been discussed. The CNTs oriented parallel to the substrate have a lower onset applied field than those oriented perpendicular to the substrate. This result indicates that electrons can emit from the body of the CNT, which means that the CNT can be used as a linear emitter. The small radius of the tube wall and the existence of defects are suggested as the reasons for the emission of electrons from the body of the tubes. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
81.05.ub Fullerenes and related materials
61.48.-c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular structures
52.77.Bn Etching and cleaning
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)

Sono implantation of hydrogen and deuterium from water into metallic fine powders

Yoshiaki Arata and Yue-Chang Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2472 (2000); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126380 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

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We observed the production of hydrogenated/deuterated metallic fine powders when various metals (Pd, Ag, Ta, Pt, and Au) were irradiated in normal and heavy water by ultrasonic waves. Mass analyses of remnant metal powders revealed substantial amounts of sono-implanted hydrogen and deuterium. The deuterium implantation (D implantation) in D2O was found to be much stronger than the hydrogen implantation (H implantation) in H2O. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
Show PACS
43.35.Ty Other physical effects of sound
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
61.72.up Other materials
61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering, mechanical alloying, and granulation
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