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LASERS, OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS

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Long-wavelength (λ≈16 μm), room-temperature, single-frequency quantum-cascade lasers based on a bound-to-continuum transition

Michel Rochat, Daniel Hofstetter, Mattias Beck, and Jérôme Faist

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4271 (2001); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1425468 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

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Room-temperature operation of long-wavelength, Fabry–Perot and single-mode quantum-cascade lasers at λ ≈ 16 μm is reported. Multimode emission with pulsed peak power up to 400 mW at −40 °C and 220 mW at 30 °C is demonstrated. Single-mode emission up to 60 mW peak power has been achieved at 30 °C. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

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42.55.Px	Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
73.21.Cd	Superlattices
42.60.Da	Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

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High-performance photorefractive polymer composite with 2-dicyanomethylen-3-cyano-2,5-dihydrofuran chromophore

Daniel Wright, Ulrich Gubler, Yeonsuk Roh, W. E. Moerner, Meng He, and Robert J. Twieg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4274 (2001); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1428120 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

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A nonlinear optical chromophore for photorefractive applications containing a 2-dicyanomethylen- 3-cyano-2,5-dihydrofuran acceptor group is presented. When doped into a plasticized composite of poly(n-vinylcarbazole), large gain coefficients (Γ) are observed with photorefractive speed similar to the best composites reported in the literature while maintaining low sample absorption (∼15 cm⁻¹). © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

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42.70.Nq	Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
42.70.Jk	Polymers and organics

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Influence of varying N-environments on the properties of (GaIn)(NAs) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

S. A. Choulis, T. J. C Hosea, P. J. Klar, M. Hofmann, and W. Stolz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4277 (2001); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1424464 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

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We report electromodulated reflectance studies on the band structure of a dilute-N (∼1%) (GaIn)(NAs)/GaAs/AlAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), as a function of temperature and incidence angle. The wide range of operating temperatures observed for this type of VCSEL (∼360 K here) is due to the reduced temperature variation of the effective band gap of the active (GaIn)(NAs) quantum wells, and broad gain. By comparing lasing properties and band structure we argue that the gain broadening is not simply due to alloy disorder but arises from a recently-proposed intrinsic property of (GaIn)(NAs): the existence of different band gaps for the five possible nearest-neighbor configurations of the N substitutional impurity. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

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42.55.Px	Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
73.21.Fg	Quantum wells
78.67.De	Quantum wells
78.30.Fs	III-V and II-VI semiconductors
78.20.Jq	Electro-optical effects

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Highly directive light sources using two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs

Anne-Laure Fehrembach, Stefan Enoch, and Anne Sentenac

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4280 (2001); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1427423 (3 pages) | Cited 25 times

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We have designed a microcavity with periodic microstructure that extracts nearly all the power emitted by a luminescent source and confines 80% of the energy radiated in the superstrate in a cone of half width 0.2° about the normal of the device. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

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42.79.-e	Optical elements, devices, and systems
85.60.-q	Optoelectronic devices

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Infrared tunable filter by the use of electrostatic force

Mitsunori Saito and Hideki Furukawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4283 (2001); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1428406 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

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An infrared Fabry–Pérot filter was fabricated by stacking two silicon plates with 7 μm spacing. As higher voltage was applied between the plates, the spacing decreased gradually due to the electrostatic force, and consequently, the interference peaks in the transmission spectrum shifted to a shorter wavelength; e.g., the peak at the 14.3 μm wavelength shifted to 9.5 μm by 88 V application. The transmittance of a 3.39 μm He–Ne laser was modulated between 5% and 60% by applying a 12 V modulation voltage together with 80 V bias voltage. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

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42.79.Ci	Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
07.60.Ly	Interferometers

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Theoretical and experimental investigation of straight defect waveguides in AlGaAs-based air-bridge-type two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs

Y. Sugimoto, N. Ikeda, N. Carlsson, K. Asakawa, N. Kawai, and K. Inoue

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4286 (2001); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1427752 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

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A detailed investigation was undertaken from both theoretical and experimental perspectives of straight defect waveguides in an AlGaAs-based air-bridge-type two-dimensional photonic crystal slab. Optical propagation properties were obtained by two methods: measurement of transmission spectra at wavelengths ranging from 850 to 1100 nm, and with plan-view observations of the optical beam trace along the waveguide measured with an infrared-vidicon camera. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations for the band structure and transmission spectra in the air-bridge slab with and without defect waveguides resulted in the appearance of defect propagation modes specific to the defect waveguide, between two slab modes for the defect-free photonic crystal slab. These defect modes were experimentally identified in the measured transmission spectra. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

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42.79.Gn	Optical waveguides and couplers
02.70.Bf	Finite-difference methods
42.70.Qs	Photonic bandgap materials

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High quality two-dimensional photonic crystal slab cavities

Tomoyuki Yoshie, Jelena Vučković, Axel Scherer, Hao Chen, and Dennis Deppe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4289 (2001); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1427748 (3 pages) | Cited 60 times

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We have fabricated and characterized donor-mode nanocavities formed by a single defect cavity defined within a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab. Quantum dots emitting in the 1.1–1.3 micron range were used as luminescence sources, and a design using fractional edge dislocations was used to demonstrate well-confined dipole modes with high quality factors. By applying the fractional dislocation geometry, the measured quality factor could be increased to values as high as 2800. This compares with typical quality factors of around 1500 measured from more conventional shallow donor mode cavities with larger mode volumes. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

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42.70.Qs	Photonic bandgap materials
78.67.Hc	Quantum dots

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Nonreciprocal phase shift of TE modes induced by a compensation wall in a magneto–optic rib waveguide

L. Wilkens, D. Träger, H. Dötsch, A. F. Popkov, and A. M. Alekseev

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4292 (2001); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1428633 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

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Garnet films of composition (Gd, Bi)₃(Fe, Ga)₅O₁₂ are grown by liquid–phase epitaxy on (111) oriented substrates of gadolinium gallium garnet. The films are close to compensation. Using laser annealing straight vertical compensation walls (CW) are generated. Monomode rib waveguides are fabricated by ion beam etching so that a CW is located close to a rib center. The CW induces a nonreciprocal phase shift of the TE₀ mode. The dependence of this phase shift on the position of the CW within the rib is calculated. Experimentally a phase shift of 0.7 cm⁻¹ at 1.3 μm wavelength is observed. The deviation from the theoretical value is discussed. Such waveguides are essential to realize polarization–independent optical isolators. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

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42.79.Gn	Optical waveguides and couplers
85.70.Sq	Magnetooptical devices
85.70.Ge	Ferrite and garnet devices
75.50.Gg	Ferrimagnetics

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Grazing-angle intersubband absorption and photocurrent in thick n-doped GaAs multiple-quantum-well structures

E. Dupont, H. C. Liu, S. R. Schmidt, and A. Seilmeier

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4295 (2001); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1429298 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

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We present an experimental study of the absorption and photocurrent in a thick n-doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum-well infrared photodetector (QWIP). At grazing-angle incidence, we observed peaks that are far detuned from the intersubband resonance. These phenomena can be well explained by the resonant coupling of the light to leaky waveguide modes in the multiple-quantum-well stack. We propose taking advantage of these waveguiding effects for the design of QWIP structures operated at a high temperature. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

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