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9 Jul 2001

Volume 79, Issue 2, pp. 145-277

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Fine tuning work function of indium tin oxide by surface molecular design: Enhanced hole injection in organic electroluminescent devices

Chimed Ganzorig, Kwang-Joo Kwak, Kazuto Yagi, and Masamichi Fujihira

Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 272 (2001); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1384896 (3 pages) | Cited 86 times

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Characteristics of electroluminescent (EL) devices were improved dramatically using indium tin oxide (ITO) chemically modified with H-, Cl-, and CF3-terminated benzoyl chlorides. By the use of reactive –COCl groups, ITO surfaces were modified quickly and the work function of the modified ITO was changed widely depending upon the permanent dipole moments introduced in the para- position of benzoyl chloride. We also compared the performance of the EL devices with ITO modified with different binding groups (–SO2Cl, –COCl, and –PO2Cl2) of p-chlorobenzene derivatives. Finally, we examined the correlation between the change in the work function and the performance of the EL devices by the chemical modification and found that the enormous increase in ITO work function up to 0.9 eV is possible using phenylphosphoryl dichloride with a CF3-terminal group in the para-position. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
Show PACS
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
81.65.-b Surface treatments
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
85.60.Bt Optoelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling
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