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6 May 2002

Volume 80, Issue 18, pp. 3247-3450

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Near-field ultrasonic scattering from surface-breaking cracks

James L. Blackshire and Shamachary Sathish

Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3442 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1476722 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 29 April 2002

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The near-field scattering of ultrasonic Rayleigh waves from surface-breaking cracks has been studied using scanning heterodyne interferometry. Distinct two-dimensional, localized displacement patterns were observed in the near field of the scattering sites, which provide an effective tool for detecting and characterizing the defects. The observed patterns showed a dramatic increase (2×–4×) in the ultrasonic displacement levels near the crack faces, allowing the cracks to be easily distinguished from background levels. A simple explanation for the increased near-field displacement amplitudes is presented that is based on wave propagation and free-boundary reflection arguments. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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43.35.Zc Use of ultrasonics in nondestructive testing, industrial processes, and industrial products
81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
43.58.-e Acoustical measurements and instrumentation
43.20.Fn Scattering of acoustic waves
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
62.20.M- Structural failure of materials

Solid-state soft actuator exhibiting large electromechanical effect

Mohsen Shahinpoor and Kwang J. Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3445 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1477276 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 29 April 2002

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This letter deals with the discovery of large low-voltage electromechanical actuation effects in an electroactive polymer made with poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene glycol). The experimental observations and robust performance of the solid-state polymer actuators in the form of a strip, which is suitably surface electroded and cation doped, are reported herein. Recent laboratory discovery shows that such solid-state actuators are polymeric materials capable of exhibiting large motion actuation capabilities (>1% bending strain) in a low electric field imposed across the strip (<10 V/mm) with considerable stress (>10 MPa) and fast responses (>10 Hz). Moreover, a stable operation over ten millions of cycles in air is achieved with nearly no performance degradation. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep

Surface-force measurement with a laser-trapped microprobe in solution

Taisuke Ota, Tadao Sugiura, and Satoshi Kawata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3448 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1468267 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 April 2002

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Surface force between a micron-sized polystyrene and dielectric substrate in solution has been analyzed by measuring the displacement of the laser-trapped probe. The amount of displacement is measured by detecting the intensity of light scattering at the probe illuminated by evanescent field. The sensitivity of 27 fN and the range of 5.2 pN have been achieved in the experiment with various concentrations of electrolyte trisaminomethane. The distribution of the surface force of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane coated on the glass substrate was also detected. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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37.10.Vz Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
87.80.Cc Optical trapping
07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque
68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological molecules on surfaces
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