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4 Feb 2002

Volume 80, Issue 5, pp. 707-899

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Increasing the spin-lattice relaxation time of hyperpolarized xenon ice at 4.2 K

Stephen Lang, Igor L. Moudrakovski, Christopher I. Ratcliffe, John A. Ripmeester, and Giles Santyr

Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 886 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1447311 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

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After cryogenic trapping of hyperpolarized xenon produced by optical pumping, significant increases in the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of 129Xe in solid xenon at 4.2 K can be achieved by annealing the solid at an appropriate temperature. Thus, T1 at 4.2 K in a field of 180 G increased from 20.4 to 35 h on warming a sealed sample initially condensed at 77 K in an isopentane bath at 113 K for 10 min. This provides further confirmation that the primary relaxation mechanism for 129Xe at low temperature is cross relaxation to 131Xe and demonstrates that long term storage of hyperpolarized xenon produced using flow polarizers is feasible. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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76.60.Es Relaxation effects
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing

Electrorheological fluid with an extraordinarily high yield stress

Yuling Zhang, Kunquan Lu, Guanghui Rao, Yu Tian, Shaohua Zhang, and Jingkui Liang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 888 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1446999 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

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Surface modified complex strontium titanate microparticles are synthesized by means of a modified sol–gel technique. A suspension composed of these particles immersed in a silicone oil exhibits excellent electrorheological properties attractive to industry and technology applications: a yield stress as high as 27 kPa in an applied electric field of 3 kV/mm, a low leakage current, wide dynamic ranges in temperature and shear rate, and a long-term stability against sedimentation. In addition to the high dielectric constant of strontium titanate, surfactant and water-free character of the particles may be responsible for the dramatic improvement of the electrorheological properties of the suspension. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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83.60.Np Effects of electric and magnetic fields
83.60.La Viscoplasticity; yield stress
83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids
62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)

Formation of Fe3C surface layers by laser plasma cementation

E. Carpene and P. Schaaf

Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 891 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1447009 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

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We report here a method of iron cementation. By irradiating pure iron substrates in a methane atmosphere with a pulsed excimer laser, a rather thick and polycrystalline cementite layer was obtained. The characterization of the treated samples, carried out by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and nanoindentation, indicates a layer thickness of about 1 μm. A possible mechanism for the cementite formation after laser irradiation in methane atmosphere is proposed. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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81.65.Lp Surface hardening: nitridation, carburization, carbonitridation
68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
76.80.+y Mössbauer effect; other γ-ray spectroscopy
62.20.M- Structural failure of materials
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure

Control of spectral distribution of Raman sidebands in impulsively stimulated rotational Raman scattering

Hiroyuki Kawano, Akira Suda, and Katsumi Midorikawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 894 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1446989 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

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We investigate the dependence of the intensity distribution of the impulsively stimulated rotational Raman sidebands from hydrogen gas on the polarization of the prepump and pump pulses. The results show that the energy flow direction of the pump pulse can be confined to either the Stokes side or the anti-Stokes side by changing the polarization of the 60 fs pump pulse. It is found that the use of a linearly polarized pump pulse is the most effective way to generate the largest number of Raman components as possible. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics

Ultrasound shock wave generator with one-bit time reversal in a dispersive medium, application to lithotripsy

Gabriel Montaldo, Philippe Roux, Arnaud Derode, Carlos Negreira, and Mathias Fink

Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 897 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1446996 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

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The building of high-power ultrasonic sources from piezoelectric ceramics is limited by the maximum voltage that the ceramics can endure. We have conceived a device that uses a small number of piezoelectric transducers fastened to a cylindrical metallic waveguide. A one-bit time- reversal operation transforms the long-lasting low-level dispersed wave forms into a sharp pulse, thus taking advantage of dispersion to generate high-power ultrasound. The pressure amplitude that is generated at the focus is found to be 15 times greater than that achieved with comparable standard techniques. Applications to lithotripsy are discussed and the destructive efficiency of the system is demonstrated on pieces of chalk. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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43.35.Wa Biological effects of ultrasound, ultrasonic tomography
87.50.Y- Biological effects of acoustic and ultrasonic energy
43.80.Sh Medical use of ultrasonics for tissue modification (permanent and temporary)
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
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