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22 Jul 2002

Volume 81, Issue 4, pp. 571-782

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Reactive milling of graphite with lithium: Application to lithium batteries

P. Azaïs, L. Duclaux, A.-M. Faugère, and F. Béguin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 775 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1493236 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 July 2002

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Reactive milling of graphite with lithium has been performed in order to develop bonding between carbon and lithium atoms and thus to prepare insertion compounds with C/Li molar ratios lower than 6 (C/Li = 6, 4 and 2). A test of these new compounds as anodes of Li batteries has shown higher reversible capacities than graphite (372 mA h/g), weaker hysteresis, and smaller irreversible capacities than milled graphite under the same conditions. This is explained by the formation of a lithiated surface. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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82.47.-a Applied electrochemistry
82.45.Fk Electrodes
81.05.ub Fullerenes and related materials

Rapid eutectic growth under containerless condition

X. J. Han, N. Wang, and B. Wei

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 778 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1492855 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 16 July 2002

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Rapid eutectic growth in a highly undercooled liquid was accomplished by containerlessly processing Co–Mo eutectic alloy in a drop tube. The containerless state during free fall produces substantial undercoolings up to 391 K (0.24TE) in falling droplets before crystallization. The eutectic growth mechanism is found to transform from lamellar eutectic to anomalous eutectic if the droplet undercooling exceeds a critical value of about 56 K, which coincides well with the lower boundary of the calculated eutectic coupled zone. Although the reduced gravity level of 10−2–10−3 g has little influence on this eutectic growth mechanism transition, it frequently results in the formation of spherical anomalous eutectic grains owing to the symmetrical temperature field and concentration field surrounding solid/liquid interface. Both theoretical analyses and experimental observations indicate that the independent nucleation and cooperative branched growth of two eutectic phases are responsible for the eutectic growth mechanism transition. The three-dimensional structural model of anomalous eutectic grain is a two-phase composite dendrite. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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81.10.Mx Growth in microgravity environments
81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
81.10.Aj Theory and models of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties)
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