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19 Aug 2002

Volume 81, Issue 8, pp. 1369-1534

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High-responsivity, normal-incidence long-wave infrared (λ ∼ 7.2 μm) InAs/In0.15Ga0.85As dots-in-a-well detector

S. Raghavan, P. Rotella, A. Stintz, B. Fuchs, S. Krishna, C. Morath, D. A. Cardimona, and S. W. Kennerly

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1369 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1498009 (3 pages) | Cited 69 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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Normal incidence InAs/In0.15Ga0.85As dots-in-a-well detectors operating at T = 78 K with λp ∼ 7.2 μm and a spectral width (Δλ/λ) of 35% are reported. The peak at 7.2 μm is attributed to the bound-to-bound transitions between the ground state of the dot and the states within the InGaAs well. A broad shoulder around 5 μm, which is attributed to the bound-to-continuum transition, is also observed. Calibrated blackbody measurements at a device temperature of 78 K yield a peak responsivity of 3.58 A/W (Vb = −1 V), peak detectivity = 2.7×109 cm Hz1/2/W (Vb = −0.3 V), conversion efficiency of 57% and a gain ∼25. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
78.67.Hc Quantum dots

Thin-film lasers based on dye-deoxyribonucleic acid-lipid complexes

Y. Kawabe, L. Wang, T. Nakamura, and N. Ogata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1372 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1501164 (3 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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Amplified spontaneous emission (laser action without cavities) from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) derivative films was achieved by doping with a hemicyanine dye which is well known as a nonlinear optical molecule. The amplification confirmed by spectral narrowing and superlinear dependence of the emission intensity on the pumping was observed from the complex films when the film samples were irradiated with a nanosecond laser at the intensity above a threshold value ( ∼ 20 μJ). The durability and low threshold values suggest the possibility of DNA complexes as a practical candidate for thin-film dye lasers. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.70.Hj Laser materials
87.14.G- Nucleic acids
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics

Ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin-film optical waveguide modulators

A. Petraru, J. Schubert, M. Schmid, and Ch. Buchal

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1375 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1498151 (3 pages) | Cited 47 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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High-quality BaTiO3 epitaxial thin films on MgO substrates have been grown by pulsed-laser deposition. Both, c-axis and a-axis BaTiO3 orientations were studied. Mach–Zehnder optical waveguide modulators with a fork angle of 1.7° have been fabricated by ion-beam etching. The waveguides are of the ridge type, the BaTiO3 thickness is 1 μm, the ridge step 50 nm, and the width 2 μm. Light was coupled into the waveguides from optical fibers. The BaTiO3 waveguide propagation losses are 2–3 dB/cm. Electrodes of 3 mm length were deposited besides the waveguides. Electro-optic modulation has been demonstrated with Vπ = 6.3 V at 632 nm wavelength and Vπ = 9.5 V at 1550 nm wavelength for the a-axis samples, and with Vπ = 8 V at 632 nm wavelength and Vπ = 15 V at 1550 nm for the c-axis samples. Theoretical modelling of the Mach–Zehnder modulators for both crystalline orientations of the BaTiO3 films gave the Pockels coefficients r51 = 80 pm/V for the c-axis film and an effective Pockels coefficient reff = 734 pm/V for the a-axis films at 632 nm wavelength. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices

Intervalley scattering in GaAs–AlAs quantum cascade lasers

L. R. Wilson, D. A. Carder, J. W. Cockburn, R. P. Green, D. G. Revin, M. J. Steer, M. Hopkinson, G. Hill, and R. Airey

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1378 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1500775 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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We have investigated the importance of intervalley (Γ–Χ) electron transfer between Γ-point quantum well states and X-point barrier states in GaAs-based quantum cascade lasers with indirect band gap AlAs barriers. A series of samples has been studied in which the energy separation between the coupled injector/upper laser levels and the lowest confined X state in the injection barrier is varied. We demonstrate that for lasing to occur, electron injection into the upper laser level must proceed via Γ states confined below the lowest X state in the injection barrier. The limit this places on the minimum operating wavelength (λ ≈ 8 μm) for the present laser design is overcome by utilizing a double injection barrier to achieve lasing at λ = 7.2 μm. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
73.21.Fg Quantum wells

Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers

Michel Rochat, Lassaad Ajili, Harald Willenberg, Jérôme Faist, Harvey Beere, Giles Davies, Edmund Linfield, and David Ritchie

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1381 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1498861 (3 pages) | Cited 100 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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A quantum-cascade laser operating at λ = 66 μm is demonstrated. It consists of a three-quantum-well chirped-superlattice active region embedded in a waveguide based on a single interface plasmon and a buried contact. A threshold current density of 210 A/cm2 at T = 12 K, a maximum peak optical power of 4 mW, and operation up to T = 44 K are achieved in a 2.7 mm long device with a high reflectivity backfacet coating. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
73.21.Fg Quantum wells
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)

Highly nondegenerate femtosecond four-wave mixing in tapered microstructure fiber

Kazi S. Abedin, Juliet T. Gopinath, Erich P. Ippen, Charles E. Kerbage, Robert S. Windeler, and Benjamin J. Eggleton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1384 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1501440 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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We demonstrate efficient, highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing of femtosecond pulses, with a frequency shift of ∼6000 cm−1, in an 18 cm tapered microstructure fiber. Using a pump at 810 nm and a signal at 1540 nm, light is generated at wavelengths between 535 nm and 570 nm with 10% efficiency. Due to the walk-off between pump and signal pulses in the fiber, the interaction length in the tapered fiber is only 1.4 cm. Ten percent efficiency is achieved in this short length because of the enhanced nonlinearity of the tapered fiber and its unique dispersion characteristics. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons

Shrinkage- and refractive-index shift-corrected volume holograms for optical interconnects

Jing-Heng Chen, Der-Chin Su, and Jung-Chieh Su

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1387 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1502022 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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The Bragg mismatching condition for volume holograms occurs because of the changes in the thickness and the refractive index of holographic recording materials during the recording and reconstruction procedures. We propose an improved compensation method to physically correct these effects in the fabrications of volume holograms for optical interconnects. In order to show the validity of this method, Slavich photographic plate VRP-M is used to fabricate optical interconnects. The correction of the Bragg diffraction angle shift of about 2.10°, which is induced by 6.14% film shrinkage and 0.06 refractive index shift, is successfully demonstrated with the surface-normal configuration. A shrinkage- and refractive-index shift-corrected volume hologram with 23% diffraction efficiency is experimentally confirmed. The methodology proposed is applicable to other phase media when the associated film shrinkage and refractive-index shift data are experimentally determined. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
42.79.Ta Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks
42.82.Ds Interconnects, including holographic interconnects

Continuous-wave 1664.7 nm fiber source utilizing four-wave mixing and stimulated Raman scattering

C. J. S. de Matos, D. A. Chestnut, and J. R. Taylor

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1390 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1501454 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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We present a continuous-wave light source based on four-wave mixing and first- and second-order stimulated Raman scattering in a 9 km dispersion-shifted optical fiber. The source operates at 1664.7 nm with a 1.7 nm linewidth and a power up to 371 mW. Applications could be found in spectroscopy. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Near-infrared holographic recording with quasi-nonvolatile readout in LiNbO3:In,Fe

Guoquan Zhang, Yasuo Tomita, Xinzheng Zhang, and Jingjun Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1393 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1503408 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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We investigate near-infrared photorefractivity and the dynamics of refractive index grating buildup and readout processes in reduced LiNbO3:In,Fe. High asymmetry in grating buildup and readout erasure rates is observed. This remarkable property makes the recorded grating quasinonvolatile during readout. The reason for the high asymmetry is explained qualitatively in terms of a multiple-defect-center model. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks
71.38.Mx Bipolarons
42.70.Gi Light-sensitive materials

Waveguiding effects in the measurement of optical gain in a layer of Si nanocrystals

J. Valenta, I. Pelant, and J. Linnros

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1396 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1502195 (3 pages) | Cited 66 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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We discuss applicability of the variable stripe length method to experimental investigation of optical gain in a luminescent layer that behaves like a planar waveguide. We show that an interplay between the output direction of guided light modes and the numerical aperture of the collection optics may lead to an artifact manifesting itself as an apparent but false gain. We propose a way to circumvent this inconvenience by using a “shifting excitation spot” complementary measurement. The method is demonstrated on a layer of Si nanocrystals embedded into a synthetic silica plate. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
42.70.Hj Laser materials
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials

Multi-prism x-ray lens

Björn Cederström, Mats Lundqvist, and Carolina Ribbing

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1399 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1501443 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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Refractive x-ray lenses with a triangular surface profile have been used to focus a synchrotron beam to sub-μm line width. These lenses are free from spherical aberration and work in analogy with one-dimensional focusing parabolic compound refractive lenses. However, the focal length can be easily varied by changing the gap between the two jaws. Silicon lenses were fabricated by wet anisotropic etching, and epoxy replicas were molded from the silicon masters. The lenses provided intensity gains up to a factor of 32 and the smallest focal line width was 0.87 μm. The simplified geometry and associated fabrication technique open possibilities for low-Z materials such as beryllium, which should greatly enhance the performance of refractive x-ray optics. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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41.50.+h X-ray beams and x-ray optics
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments

Triple-optical autocorrelation for direct optical pulse-shape measurement

Tzu-Ming Liu, Yin-Chieh Huang, Gia-Wei Chern, Kung-Hsuan Lin, Chih-Jie Lee, Yu-Chueh Hung, and Chi-Kuang Sun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1402 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1501453 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2002

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Triple optical autocorrelation of femtosecond optical pulses was realized simply with third-harmonic-generation technique. This optical technique provides complete knowledge of transient pulse intensity variation directly in time domain. Only analytic calculation is needed to obtain the pulse-shape from data without direction-of-time ambiguity. Combined with a spectral measurement and the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm, except for pulses with complete temporal and spectral symmetry that will cause a twofold ambiguity, exact phase variation in time can also be retrieved through an iterative calculation with an O(n) complexity. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
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