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14 Apr 2003

Volume 82, Issue 15, pp. 2371-2540

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2491 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566791 (3 pages)

Jun Li, Qi Ye, Alan Cassell, Hou Tee Ng, Ramsey Stevens, Jie Han, and M. Meyyappan
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One-step formation of aligned carbon nanotube field emitters at 400 °C

Y. Shiratori, H. Hiraoka, Y. Takeuchi, S. Itoh, and M. Yamamoto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2485 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566803 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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Fabrication of field emitters by the radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) on soda-lime glass is reported. CNT was produced at 400 °C by the control of the collision energy of carbonic cations to a substrate through a dc bias voltage. The CNTs produced in this work were of a cup-stacked type and had catalyst particles on the top. The CNT emitters formed by our method were integrated into triode-type microcathodes and showed field-emission properties suitable for display applications. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.07.De Nanotubes
85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.45.Fd Field emission displays (FEDs)
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition

Sub-Poissonian shot noise in molecular wires

S. Dallakyan and S. Mazumdar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2488 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567805 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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We investigate the transport behavior of polyene molecules sandwiched between two metallic contacts using the nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism. We calculate both current and noise power as a function of applied voltage and show that they decrease with increasing size of the polyene molecules. We find that even with symmetric connection to metallic contacts, current-versus-voltage curves can be asymmetric for asymmetrically substituted polyenes. Most importantly, we demonstrate a crossover from Poissonian to sub-Poissonian behavior in the shot noise as a function of applied voltage. The algorithm for noise power calculation can be used for designing molecules with low noise. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices
73.50.Td Noise processes and phenomena
73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds

Bottom-up approach for carbon nanotube interconnects

Jun Li, Qi Ye, Alan Cassell, Hou Tee Ng, Ramsey Stevens, Jie Han, and M. Meyyappan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2491 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566791 (3 pages) | Cited 174 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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We report a bottom-up approach to integrate multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) into multilevel interconnects in silicon integrated-circuit manufacturing. MWNTs are grown vertically from patterned catalyst spots using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We demonstrate the capability to grow aligned structures ranging from a single tube to forest-like arrays at desired locations. SiO2 is deposited to encapsulate each nanotube and the substrate, followed by a mechanical polishing process for planarization. MWNTs retain their integrity and demonstrate electrical properties consistent with their original structure. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation
81.07.De Nanotubes
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
81.65.Ps Polishing, grinding, surface finishing
85.40.Sz Deposition technology

Enhanced cathodoluminescent properties of ZnO encapsulated ZnS:Ag phosphors using an electrochemical deposition coating

Han-Ho Choi, M. Ollinger, and R. K. Singh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2494 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567040 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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An electrochemical deposition coating method was developed to encapsulate the surface of micron-sized ZnS:Ag particulates with nanosized ZnO particles. The particle size of the as-synthesized ZnO particles was estimated to be below 10 nm from x-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The thickness of coating layer was measured to be from a few nm to about 100 nm using transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis demonstrated the presence of ZnO particle layers on the surface of ZnS:Ag particulates. With the use of this ZnO coating layer, the cathodoluminescent lifetime of ZnS:Ag phosphors was dramatically improved. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence
78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
85.45.Fd Field emission displays (FEDs)
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Early self-assembled stages in epitaxial SrRuO3 on LaAlO3

E. Vasco, R. Dittmann, S. Karthäuser, and R. Waser

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2497 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566798 (3 pages) | Cited 25 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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The stress-induced self-assembled growth of SrRuO3 on LaAlO3 was studied by atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction. SrRuO3 epitaxially grown on LaAlO3 by pulsed laser deposition shows two types of out-of-plane arrangements and four in-plane matches. The lattice mismatch (stress) produced by these arrangements was estimated and correlated with the SrRuO3 growth dynamics. After 1 nm, the SrRuO3 film surface exhibits a ripple structure, which serves as a template for the development of a nanopattern of flat islands. These islands coalesce anisotropically resulting in a regular array of “infinite” wires. The wire coalescence for the 12–20 nm thick film nullifies the surface symmetry, while SrRuO3 keeps growing in three dimensions. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
81.16.Mk Laser-assisted deposition
81.16.Dn Self-assembly

Polarization dynamics in a ferroelectric relaxor excited by short pulses

I. Boscolo and S. Cialdi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2500 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1565706 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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Polarization dynamics in a relaxor ferroelectric is investigated by exciting samples, set at different temperatures, with short high voltage (≈1 kV) rectangular pulses (≈200 ns) and then by measuring the charge carried to the sample, i.e., the polarization. Further important information is extracted from the trailing edge of the charge signals, which detect the relaxation of the polarization. Polarization dynamics of zero-field-cooled samples show a logarithmic increase during the voltage pulse plateau and a logarithmic decay after the pulse. The slopes depend on the field amplitude and temperature. The model of reorientable noninteracting polar clusters adequately describes the experimental behaviors. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Simulating collective magnetic dynamics in nanodisk arrays

A. J. Bennett and J. M. Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2503 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566792 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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We study the magnetostatic interactions in planar arrays of single domain, magnetic disk nanostructures. We derive equations for the time evolution of magnetization and energy, and use these results to simulate the relaxation of these systems with a Monte-Carlo model. Our model confirms that relaxation of a one-dimensional array into one of its ground states occurs by propagating the inversion site along the line. A two-dimensional honeycomb array enters a metastable state of frustrated spiral domains due to the availability of low-energy configurational states. This model has potential application in the design of magnetic nanostructure systems for data storage and data processing applications. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.)
75.40.Mg Numerical simulation studies

Simple and efficient method for carbon nanotube attachment to scanning probes and other substrates

A. Hall, W. G. Matthews, R. Superfine, M. R. Falvo, and S. Washburn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2506 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567049 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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We present a fast, high yield, low cost method for the production of scanning probes with aligned carbon nanotubes protruding from the ends. The procedure is described and images of undercut films are used to demonstrate the improved probe quality for topography measurements. A magnetophoretic model of the attachment and alignment processes is discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Optical absorption of intersubband transitions in In0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs multiple quantum dots

B. Pattada, Jiayu Chen, Qiaoying Zhou, M. O. Manasreh, M. L. Hussein, W. Ma, and G. J. Salamo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2509 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567813 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy technique was employed to investigate the optical absorption coefficient of intersubband transitions in Si-doped In0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs multiple quantum dot structures. Waveguides with 45° polished facets were fabricated from molecular beam epitaxy grown wafers with different quantum dot size. The measured maximum optical absorption coefficient was found to be in the order of 1.10×104 cm−3. The peak position energy of the intersubband transition was observed to shift toward lower energy when the quantum dot size is increased as expected. The photoluminescence spectra were also measured for different samples with different quantum dot size. The internal quantum efficiency was estimated to be in the order of 58% for a sample with 40 periods of 6 nm dot size. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
73.21.La Quantum dots
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy

Tensile yielding of multiwall carbon nanotubes

Chenyu Wei, Kyeongjae Cho, and Deepak Srivastava

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2512 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567041 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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The tensile yielding of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been studied using molecular-dynamics simulations and a transition state theory based model. We find a strong dependence of the yielding on the strain rate. A critical strain rate has been predicted above/below which yielding strain of a MWCNT is larger/smaller than that of the corresponding single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs). At an experimentally feasible strain rate of 1%/h and T = 300 K, the yield strain of a MWCNT is estimated to be about 3%–4% higher than that of an equivalent single-wall CNT. This is in good agreement with recent experimental observations. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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62.25.-g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
02.70.Ns Molecular dynamics and particle methods

Field emission from aligned carbon nanofibers grown in situ by hot filament chemical vapor deposition

Chia-Fu Chen, Chien-Liang Lin, and Chi-Ming Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2515 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1568163 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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Aligned high-aspect-ratio carbon nanofibers were grown in situ using modified hot filament chemical vapor deposition. The field-emission properties were then studied. An Fe–Cr wire filament acted as a catalytic source and a heat source. Carbon nanofibers were deposited on a Si substrate with CO2 as a carrier gas through ethanol. The experimental results indicate that the flow in the horizontal direction to the substrate produces carbon nanofibers with diameters of less than 10 nm. The field-emission current of 2 V/μm was 0.54 mA/cm2; the turn-on field of the sample was 1.1 V/μm. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems

Self-assembled molecular chains formed by selective adsorption of lead–phthalocyanine on InSb(100)-(4×2)/c(8×2)

N. Papageorgiou, Y. Ferro, J. M. Layet, L. Giovanelli, A. J. Mayne, G. Dujardin, H. Oughaddou, and G. Le Lay

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2518 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566802 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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We study the structure of ultra thin lead–phthalocyanine (PbPc) overlayers deposited on the indium terminated InSb(100)-(4×2)/c(8×2) reconstructed surface by low-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. The diffraction pattern for the PbPc monolayer grown on this surface corresponds to a 4×3 structure. We show that this structure is induced by a selective adsorption of the PbPc molecules on the indium stripes of the InSb(100) substrate. The adsorption is dominated by the interaction between the central lead atom of the molecule and the topmost indium atoms of the surface. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.43.Fg Adsorbate structure (binding sites, geometry)
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces

Room-temperature fabrication of high-resolution carbon nanotube field-emission cathodes by self-assembly

S. J. Oh, Y. Cheng, J. Zhang, H. Shimoda, and O. Zhou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2521 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1563812 (3 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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In this letter, we report a process for room-temperature assembly of patterned and periodic structures of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Well-defined patterns with less than a 10-μm linewidth and variable thickness were readily deposited. The CNTs show long-range in-plane orientation ordering and adhere strongly to the substrates. The self-assembled macroscopic structures emit electrons under applied electrical field with the emission characteristics comparable to those from the high-temperature or/and low-resolution deposition processes. This room-temperature self-assembly method can be utilized for assembly and integration of nanostructured materials for a variety of devices, including the field-emission displays. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
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