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14 Apr 2003

Volume 82, Issue 15, pp. 2371-2540

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2491 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566791 (3 pages)

Jun Li, Qi Ye, Alan Cassell, Hou Tee Ng, Ramsey Stevens, Jie Han, and M. Meyyappan
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Epitaxial growth of group III nitrides on silicon substrates via a reflective lattice-matched zirconium diboride buffer layer

J. Tolle, R. Roucka, I. S. T. Tsong, C. Ritter, P. A. Crozier, A. V. G. Chizmeshya, and J. Kouvetakis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2398 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566099 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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Growth of metallic and reflecting ZrB2 films is conducted on Si(111) substrates at 900 °C using a single-source unimolecular precursor Zr(BH4)4 in a molecular beam epitaxy chamber. Epitaxial growth of ZrB2(0001) is accomplished despite the very large lattice mismatch between ZrB2 and Si(111). High-resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images of the sharp ZrB2/Si(111) interface show a heteroepitaxial relationship involving a “magic mismatch” of coincidence lattices. The GaN films grown on the ZrB2/Si(111) template is virtually homoepitaxy because of the very small lattice mismatch, 0.6%, between the in-plane lattice parameters of ZrB2(0001) and GaN(0001). © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors

In(Ga)As self-assembled quantum ring formation by molecular beam epitaxy

Daniel Granados and Jorge M García

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2401 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566799 (3 pages) | Cited 107 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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The effect of growth conditions on the morphological properties of InAs/GaAs(001) quantum dots covered by a thin (<3 nm) GaAs cap has been studied by atomic force microscopy. Each dot turns into an elongated nanostructure at 540 °C upon deposition of the cap in As4 atmosphere, while structures with two humps are obtained when capping at 500 °C. The use of As2 atmosphere instead of As4 at 500 °C leads to the formation of quantum rings. Photoluminescence spectroscopy and polarization photoluminescence (PL) at 15 K show dramatic changes due to the different kinds of confinement. This allows the possibility of tailoring PL emission by controlling the size and shape. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
81.07.Ta Quantum dots
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors

Stretchable gold conductors on elastomeric substrates

Stéphanie Périchon Lacour, Sigurd Wagner, Zhenyu Huang, and Z. Suo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2404 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1565683 (3 pages) | Cited 207 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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Stripes of thin gold films are made on an elastomeric substrate with built-in compressive stress to form surface waves. Because these waves can be stretched flat they function as elastic electrical conductors. Surprisingly, we observe electrical continuity not only up to an external strain of ∼ 2% reached by stretching the films first flat ( ∼ 0.4%) and then to the fracture strain of free-standing gold films ( ∼ 1%), but up to ∼ 22%. Such large strains will permit making stretchable electric conductors that will be essential to three-dimensional electronic circuits. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity

Thermally bandwidth-controllable reflective polarizers from (polymer network/liquid crystal/chiral dopant) composites

Huai Yang, Kenji Mishima, Kiyoshi Matsuyama, Ken-Ichiro Hayashi, Hirotsugu Kikuchi, and Tisato Kajiyama

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2407 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567809 (3 pages) | Cited 39 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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A (polymer network/nematic liquid crystal/chiral dopant) composite exhibiting a chiral nematic (N∗) phase at room temperature has been developed. Because the helical twisting power of the chiral dopant increases with increasing temperature and the polymer network affects the molecular rearrangement of the liquid crystal, the bandwidth of the selective reflection spectrum of the N∗ phase becomes wider and narrower reversibly with increasing and decreasing temperature, respectively. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
42.25.Ja Polarization
61.30.Pq Microconfined liquid crystals: droplets, cylinders, randomly confined liquid crystals, polymer dispersed liquid crystals, and porous systems
61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures

Structure of stacking faults formed during the forward bias of 4H-SiC p-i-n diodes

M. E. Twigg, R. E. Stahlbush, M. Fatemi, S. D. Arthur, J. B. Fedison, J. B. Tucker, and S. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2410 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566794 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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Using site-specific plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light emission imaging, we have identified stacking faults formed during forward biasing of 4H-SiC p-i-n diodes. These stacking faults (SFs) are bounded by Shockley partial dislocations and are formed by shear strain rather than by the condensation of vacancies or interstitials. Detailed analysis using TEM diffraction contrast experiments reveal SFs with leading carbon-core Shockley partial dislocations as well as with the silicon-core partial dislocations observed in plastic deformation of 4H-SiC at elevated temperatures. The leading Shockley partials are seen to relieve both tensile and compressive strain during p-i-n diode operation, suggesting the presence of a complex inhomogeneous strain field in the 4H-SiC layer. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.30.Kk Junction diodes
61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence

Low-temperature layer splitting of (100) GaAs by He+H coimplantation and direct wafer bonding

I. Radu, I. Szafraniak, R. Scholz, M. Alexe, and U. Gösele

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2413 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567045 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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The present letter introduces a low-temperature GaAs layer splitting approach by He+H coimplantation which—in combination with direct wafer bonding—enables monolithic integration of GaAs with different substrates. The influence of He+H coimplantation on blistering and layer splitting of GaAs is studied and the optimum coimplantation conditions are determined. Thin GaAs layers are transferred onto Si after bonding of He+H coimplanted GaAs and Si substrates via a spin-on glass intermediate layer and subsequent annealing at only 225 °C for 14 h. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy investigations show a high quality of the GaAs/SOG bonding interface. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.72.uj III-V and II-VI semiconductors
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
85.40.Ry Impurity doping, diffusion and ion implantation technology
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness

Analysis of self-focusing beams of concentric symmetry in As2S3 glass using a near-field scanning optical microscope

Jaekwang Lee, Soon-Bin Park, Kyuman Cho, and Ki-Bong Song

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2416 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1565504 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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The self-focusing (SF) effect for concentric laser beams passing through As2S3 glass was studied using a near-field scanning optical microscope. In the case of radially symmetric laser beams at the wavelength 633 nm, there was no special bright spot caused by the SF effect at local areas, except for the central part of the light beam. The minimum beam size that was arrested by nonparaxiality was less than 0.3 μm, which is approximately equal to the wavelength of light in the As2S3 glass, 0.265 μm. Qualitatively, the experimental results agreed with the theoretical prediction of the nonparaxial approximation. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation

Study of interfacial reaction and its impact on electric properties of Hf–Al–O high-k gate dielectric thin films grown on Si

P. F. Lee, J. Y. Dai, K. H. Wong, H. L. W. Chan, and C. L. Choy

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2419 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566796 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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Amorphous thin films of Hf–Al–O (with atomic ratio of Al/Hf of about 1.4) were deposited on (100) p-Si substrates by pulsed-laser deposition using a HfO2 and Al2O3 composite target. Transmission electron microscopy was employed for a detailed study of the interfacial reaction between the Hf–Al–O films and the Si substrates. Islands of Hf silicide formed from interfacial reaction were observed on the surface of the Si substrate. The formation of Hf silicide is attributed to the presence of Al oxide in the films that triggers the reaction between Hf atoms in the amorphous Hf–Al–O films and Si under an oxygen deficient condition. The impact of silicide formation on the electrical properties was revealed by high-frequency capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements on metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors. The observed abnormal C–V curve due to interfacial reaction was discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor-to-insulator)
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.

Blue organic electrophosphorescence using exothermic host–guest energy transfer

R. J. Holmes, S. R. Forrest, Y.-J. Tung, R. C. Kwong, J. J. Brown, S. Garon, and M. E. Thompson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2422 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1568146 (3 pages) | Cited 172 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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We demonstrate efficient blue electrophosphorescence using exothermic energy transfer from a host consisting of N,N′-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP) to the phosphorescent iridium complex iridium(III)bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2′]picolinate (FIrpic). By examining the temperature dependence of the radiative lifetime and the photoluminescence of a film of mCP doped with FIrpic, we confirm the existence of exothermic energy transfer in contrast to the endothermic transfer characteristic of the N,N′-dicarbazolyl-4-4′-biphenyl and FIrpic system. In employing exothermic energy transfer between mCP and FIrpic, a maximum external electroluminescent quantum efficiency of (7.5±0.8)% and a luminous power efficiency of (8.9±0.9)lm/W are obtained, representing a significant increase in performance over previous endothermic blue electrophosphorescent devices. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
78.66.Li Other semiconductors
78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices

Temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity in Li3xLa2/3−xTiO3: Arrhenius versus non-Arrhenius

A. Rivera, J. Santamaría, C. León, T. Blochowicz, C. Gainaru, and E. A. Rössler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2425 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1568169 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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We report on the temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity at low temperatures in the crystalline lithium ionic conductor Li0.18La0.61TiO3. Time domain measurements of the electric modulus have been performed to investigate ion dynamics in the frequency range 10−5–102 Hz and for conductivity values in the range 10−14–10−8 S/cm. Ionic conductivity shows an Arrhenius temperature dependence below 300 K and down to 120 K, in contrast to the non-Arrhenius behavior found at higher temperatures, demonstrating that the temperature dependence of ionic conductivity in Li0.18La0.61TiO3 cannot be described by a Vogel–Fulcher–Tamman law. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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66.30.H- Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals

Structural and optical properties of near-surface GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells at emission wavelength of 1.3 μm

H. F. Liu, C. S. Peng, E.-M. Pavelescu, S. Karirinne, T. Jouhti, M. Valden, and M. Pessa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2428 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567453 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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X-ray diffraction, x-ray-induced photoelectron emission, and low-temperature photoluminescence have been used to investigate structural and optical properties of near-surface Ga1−xInxNyAs1−y/GaAs double quantum wells. The evolution of x-ray diffraction fringes, due to post-growth annealing, provides evidence for In/Ga interdiffusion at elevated temperatures. Photoelectron spectra indicate that indium tends to re-evaporate from the surface. Photoluminescence exhibits a strong feature, as part of the GaInNAs/GaAs material system. This feature is assigned to a hybridized state that is created by an interaction between surface states and quantum-confined states of the near-surface quantum well. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.65.Fg Quantum wells
73.21.Fg Quantum wells
78.67.De Quantum wells
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures
66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers

Morphological instability of GaInNAs quantum wells on Al-containing layers grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy

P. Sundgren, C. Asplund, K. Baskar, and M. Hammar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2431 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567810 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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We report on the optical and structural integrity of metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy-grown GaInNAs/GaAs single quantum wells on AlGaAs/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). Photoluminescence and surface morphology as measured by atomic force microscopy were investigated for different numbers of DBR periods and different DBR-growth temperatures. An increasing number of DBR periods may severely degrade the quantum well surface morphology and photoluminescence. Surface secondary-ion mass spectroscopy revealed surface segregation of an Al-containing species. Decreasing the DBR-growth temperature lowers the surface concentration of Al and improves the GaInNAs quantum-well morphology. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.65.Fg Quantum wells
81.15.Kk Vapor phase epitaxy; growth from vapor phase
81.07.St Quantum wells
78.67.De Quantum wells
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
42.82.-m Integrated optics
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes

Designing the refractive indices by using magnetic fluids

H. E. Horng, Chin-Yih Hong, S. Y. Yang, and H. C. Yang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2434 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1568147 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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Magnetic fluid is a type of colloid consisting of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in liquid carriers with the aid of surfactants and Brownian motion. Thus, the optical properties of magnetic fluids can be manipulated through the careful selection of magnetic particles and carriers. In this work, we give an example by designing a refractive index by using magnetic fluids composed of various carriers and particles, around 1.465 at 1.557 μm wavelength, which plays an important role in optical fiber communication. In addition, we also show how to achieve a desired flexibility in the tunable refractive index with externally varying fields by adopting suitable magnetic fluid films. These results reveal the feasibility of developing index-match or index-tunable devices using magnetic fluids. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
82.70.Dd Colloids
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters

Effect of stress-induced phase transformation on nanomechanical properties of sputtered amorphous carbon films

W. Lu and K. Komvopoulos

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2437 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566800 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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The nanomechanical properties of radio-frequency sputtered ultrathin carbon films measured by surface force microscopy were correlated to the carbon bonding structures analyzed by x-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy. The films consisted of amorphous carbon (a-C) comprising both trigonal (sp2) and tetrahedral (sp3) carbon hybridizations. The sp3 carbon content in the a-C materials of films with nanohardness of 19–40 GPa was found to be in the range of 22%–28%. From variations of the binding energy of Ar 2p electrons and the sp3 carbon content with the film Ar content, a stress-induced phase transformation from sp2 to sp3 carbon was determined at compressive residual stress of about 14 GPa. Film hardening occurs due to material densification, which is controlled by the intensity of the energetic Ar+ bombardment and the flux ratio of incoming C atoms and Ar+ ions during film growth. The results of this study elucidate the underlying hardening mechanism in ultrathin sputter-deposited carbon films. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions
61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
79.60.Ht Disordered structures
79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)

Temperature-dependent photoinduced third-harmonic-generation variation in azo-homopolymer and azo-doped polymer thin films

Chia-Chen Hsu, Jian-Hung Lin, Tzer-Hsiang Huang, and Kenji Harada

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2440 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1568164 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 7 April 2003

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The temperature effect on the variation of photoinduced third-harmonic generation (THG) of an azo-polyurethane homopolymer and an azo guest–host polymer is studied at several different temperatures. At higher temperatures, both angular hole burning and molecule angular redistribution motions weaken, due to the decreases of cis-to-trans thermal relaxation time and the cis population and the increase of orientational diffusion coefficient. Smaller photoinduced THG variation is observed in both samples at higher temperatures. Results from the THG recovery experiment show that polyurethane homopolymer thin films pumped at a high temperature have the best photoinduced THG variation stability after turning off the pump beam. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
82.35.Ej Nonlinear optics with polymers
78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
42.79.Wc Optical coatings
82.50.-m Photochemistry
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency
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