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12 May 2003

Volume 82, Issue 19, pp. 3147-3362

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3266 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1572970 (3 pages)

Michael Mück, Christian Welzel, and John Clarke
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Ambient-temperature incorporated hydrogen in Nb:SrTiO3 single crystals

J. Y. Dai, W. P. Chen, G. K. H. Pang, P. F. Lee, H. K. Lam, W. B. Wu, H. L. W. Chan, and C. L. Choy

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3296 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1574842 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Electrolysis of water has been implemented to inject hydrogen into the SrTiO3 single crystal doped with 1 wt % of Nb. Direct evidence of OH− group formation in the Nb:SrTiO3 single crystal has been obtained by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, showing an intensity increase of the absorption at a wave number of about 3500 cm−1. FTIR analysis also revealed lattice relaxation due to hydrogen doping. High-resolution x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis further illustrated lattice expansion, as evidenced by the left shift of the SrTiO3 (200) peak for the hydrogen doped sample. The decrease in the XRD rocking curve linewidth of this (200) peak for the hydrogen-doped sample suggested that hydrogen doping relaxed the local constraints in the crystal. In contrast to the usual great increase in conductivity of insulating perovskite oxides by hydrogen doping, an obvious decrease in conductivity of the highly conductive Nb:SrTiO3 single crystal was observed after hydrogen doping. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.72.up Other materials
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
82.45.Un Dielectric materials in electrochemistry
85.40.Ry Impurity doping, diffusion and ion implantation technology
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
82.45.Hk Electrolysis
72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
72.80.Sk Insulators
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Laser-induced surface cleaning of molybdenum field emitter arrays for enhanced electron emission

D. S. Seo, C. O. Kim, J. P. Hong, J. S. Shin, B. K. Song, S. N. Cha, J. W. Chung, J. M. Kim, and H. S. Baik

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3299 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567804 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Visible laser irradiation on molybdenum field emission arrays (Mo–FEAs) was performed as one efficient cleaning method in order to etch off any unnecessary oxidation layers on the FEA surface. Scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed clear removal of ultrathin MoO oxide layers at the emitter edge through a photoinduced thermal process. A sharp surface morphology of the emitter tips was also observed due to the crystallization or thermalmigration effect during the laser exposure. The structural enhancement of the FEA was strongly confirmed by a remarkable increase of 40% in the emission current after laser exposure. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.62.Cf Industrial applications
85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions

Optical absorption spectra of thin GaInNAs single quantum wells investigated by means of piezoelectric photothermal spectroscopy

Tetsuo Ikari, Kenji Imai, Atsushi Ito, and Masahiko Kondow

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3302 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573358 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Recently developed compound semiconductor GaInNAs is a promising material for optical fiber communication. The absorption spectrum of thin GaInNAs layer (10-nm thickness) was observed by using our developed piezoelectric photothermal spectroscopy. The spectra revealed a step-like density of states and exciton formation in two-dimensional discrete levels in the quantum well. Effective mass of the conduction band was estimated to be 0.05m0 by assuming that the valence-band offset was negligible. Rapid thermal annealing relaxes a lattice defects and distortions, and this results in a blueshift of the spectrum. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.De Quantum wells
71.35.Cc Intrinsic properties of excitons; optical absorption spectra
71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g factor
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors

Simulating the magnetic susceptibility of magnetic nanowire arrays

A. J. Bennett and J. M. Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3304 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573348 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We study the magnetostatic interaction and relaxation of nanomagnetic wires in arrays using a Monte-Carlo model. Using this model we describe the magnetic behavior of a two-dimensional array of high aspect ratio ferromagnetic, single-domain nanowires, ordered parallel to one another in a nonmagnetic template. We use this model to determine stable configurations and hysteresis loops, and also investigate the mean field behavior of a typical nanowire array to determine the influence of the geometrical and magnetic parameters on the behavior of the array. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.40.Mg Numerical simulation studies
75.45.+j Macroscopic quantum phenomena in magnetic systems
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances; spin-wave resonance

Fabrication of a single-electron inverter in multiwall carbon nanotubes

K. Ishibashi, D. Tsuya, M. Suzuki, and Y. Aoyagi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3307 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1572537 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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A single-electron inverter based on the Coulomb blockade effects has been fabricated in multiwalled carbon nanotubes, by using the Ar irradiation method for the tunnel barrier formation in the quantum dots. The device characteristics were measured at 2.6 K, and an indication of inverter-like transfer characteristics has been obtained. The performance of the device was not completely satisfactory for the inverter operation in terms of the voltage gain and the voltage swing, but the present technique turns out to be useful for the fabrication of single-electron logic devices in carbon nanotubes. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.35.Ds Quantum interference devices
73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling
81.07.De Nanotubes
85.35.Gv Single electron devices
84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers, limiters, and compressors
84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits

Tuning the response of magnetic suspensions

M. Chen, L. Sun, J. E. Bonevich, D. H. Reich, C. L. Chien, and P. C. Searson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3310 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1569429 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Electrochemical template synthesis of multilayer nanowires consisting of alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers provides an approach to control the properties of magnetic particles in suspension. Copper/nickel multilayer nanowires were fabricated by electrochemical deposition from a solution containing both nickel and copper ions. We demonstrate that the magnetic shape anisotropy and dipolar interactions between magnetic layers can be exploited to tailor the magnetic response in ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic multilayer nanowires in a suspension. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating

Optical nanowriting on azobenzene side-chain polymethacrylate thin films by near-field scanning optical microscopy

V. Likodimos, M. Labardi, L. Pardi, M. Allegrini, M. Giordano, A. Arena, and S. Patanè

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3313 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1572538 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Optical writing and subsequent reading of information on thin films of azobenzene side-chain polymethacrylates on the 100-nm scale are demonstrated by near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) with polarization control. Polarized blue light at 488 nm coupled to the NSOM aperture probe activates trans–cis–trans isomerization cycles of the side chains, causing their alignment and thus locally inducing optical birefringence. Red light at 690 nm with modulated polarization is coupled to the same aperture and used to detect optical anisotropy on the local scale. Lines of width on the 100-nm scale were optically inscribed and detected even with no concurrent topographic modification. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
78.20.Fm Birefringence
42.25.Lc Birefringence
42.25.Ja Polarization
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
82.50.-m Photochemistry

Synthesis of well-ordered CuO nanofibers by a self-catalytic growth mechanism

Chien-Te Hsieh, Jin-Ming Chen, Hung-Hsiao Lin, and Han-Chang Shih

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3316 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1569043 (3 pages) | Cited 62 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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One-dimensional and well-ordered CuO nanofiber arrays have been synthesized by a processing of self-catalytic growth. Using polycarbonate (PC) membrane as a template, copper nuclei sites Cu(111) were uniformly deposited on copper substrate via a high voltage input (electric field: 15 V/cm) in a copper sulphate solution. According to the pore diameter of PC membranes, two different sizes of copper nuclei could be well-controlled in ranges of 50 to 60 and 100 to 150 nm. With heat treatment in oxygen atmosphere, the electrodeposited copper nuclei were transformed into CuO nanofiber arrays. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that the nanocrystalline CuO nanofibers with a mean length of 8 μm had an average order of 107–108/cm2 in density, and their average diameters were accorded with the size of Cu nuclei. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
82.45.Qr Electrodeposition and electrodissolution
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)

Fe2O3 particles encapsulated inside aligned CNx nanotubes

R. Che, L.-M. Peng, Q. Chen, X. F. Duan, and Z. N. Gu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3319 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1574399 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Aligned CNx nanotubes filled with Fe2O3 particles were synthesized through a single pyrolysis reaction of acetonitrile and Fe2O3/SiO2 catalyst at 900 °C under Ar2 flow. The number and spacing of the encapsulated Fe2O3 particles inside the CNx nanotubes were controlled by adjusting the amount and time of acetonitrile feeding. The chemical composition and atomic structure of the nanocapsulates were investigated using combined techniques of high-resolution electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and elemental mapping. It was found that the encapsulated particles were Fe2O3 particles and that the doped nitrogen atoms, which were mainly pyridine-like, bonded with two carbon atoms within the graphene sheets, giving rise to a π∗-type peak at around 399 eV in EELS spectra. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
79.20.Uv Electron energy loss spectroscopy

Comparing the conductivity of molecular wires with the scanning tunneling microscope

Amy Szuchmacher Blum, John C. Yang, Ranganathan Shashidhar, and Banahalli Ratna

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3322 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573365 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Current–voltage characteristics as measured by scanning tunneling microscopy for several different molecular backbones are presented. It is demonstrated that isolated oligo(phenylene ethynylene) molecules have the same measured conductance as oligo(phenylene ethynylene) molecules in a crystalline self-assembled monolayer. This result suggests that previous studies involving relatively large surface areas of self-assembled monolayers can be applied to molecular electronics devices employing small numbers of molecules. In addition, gap resistance measurements are used to rank the molecular conductance of oligo(phenylene ethynylene), oligo(phenylene vinylene), and dodecanedithiol. The observed trend for isolated molecules agrees with earlier large-scale measurements. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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72.15.Nj Collective modes (e.g., in one-dimensional conductors)
72.80.Le Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors)
73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds
85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices

Optical amplification in bismuth-doped silica glass

Yasushi Fujimoto and Masahiro Nakatsuka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3325 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1575492 (2 pages) | Cited 85 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We demonstrated an amplification phenomenon in a bismuth-doped silica glass at 1.3 μm with 0.8-μm excitation. This luminescent material is a promising candidate for use as the core-fiber material of an optical amplifier at the natural zero-dispersion wavelength (1.3 μm) of silica glass fiber. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
42.70.Hj Laser materials
78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers

Single-step electrochemical machining of complex nanostructures with ultrashort voltage pulses

A. L. Trimmer, J. L. Hudson, M. Kock, and R. Schuster

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3327 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1576499 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We show that complex patterns including three-dimensional structures, lines, curved features, and arrays can be machined in substrates in single-step processing without the need for rastering. High-aspect-ratio nanometer accurate features were machined in nickel using ultrashort voltage pulse electrochemical machining. Experiments were conducted with two different tool shapes. The first was a combination of rectangles, squares, and a half circle; the second was a 2×2 array. The effect of pulse duration and electrolyte concentration on feature resolution was studied. Structures with 90 nm widths were made by applying 2 ns voltage pulses. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis

Green-light-emitting ZnSe nanowires fabricated via vapor phase growth

B. Xiang, H. Z. Zhang, G. H. Li, F. H. Yang, F. H. Su, R. M. Wang, J. Xu, G. W. Lu, X. C. Sun, Q. Zhao, and D. P. Yu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3330 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573334 (3 pages) | Cited 67 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Stoichiometric ZnSe nanowires have been synthesized through a vapor phase reaction of zinc and selenium powder on the (100) silicon substrate coated with a gold film of 2 nm in thickness. The microstructures and the chemical compositions of the as-grown nanowires have been investigated by means of electron microscopy, the energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results reveal that the as-grown materials consist of ZnSe nanowires with diameters ranging from 5 to 50 nm. Photoluminescence of the sample demonstrates a strong green emission from room temperature down to 10 K. This is attributed to the recombination of electrons from conduction band to the medium deep Au acceptors. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.Lt Quantum wires
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
73.21.Hb Quantum wires
73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species

Dynamic control and modal analysis of coupled nano-mechanical resonators

Dominik V. Scheible, Artur Erbe, and Robert H. Blick

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3333 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1575491 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We present measurements on nanomechanical resonators allowing full in situ tuning of their dynamic properties, including higher-order nonlinearities (up to fifth order) and the mechanical quality factor Q. This is accomplished by gating electrodes and balancing resonators, similarily to a classical tuning fork. A detailed modal analysis is performed and reproducibility of the device response is verified. Eigenfrequencies are in the range of 40 to 70 MHz, and quality factor rises up to Q ∼ 6×103. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices

Scribing into hydrogenated diamond surfaces using atomic force microscopy

B. Rezek, C. Sauerer, J. A. Garrido, C. E. Nebel, M. Stutzmann, E. Snidero, and P. Bergonzo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3336 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1576507 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is applied to control surface termination of hydrogenated diamond surfaces with lateral resolution of ≈ 10 nm. Using negatively biased silicon cantilevers, microscopic patterns can be scribed into a diamond surface, up to a depth of 3 nm. The inscribed patterns exhibit different electronic properties to the rest of the surface, namely electron affinity and conductivity. The effect of contact and noncontact AFM on the pattern appearance is discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species
68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
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Isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy of pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors

Shigemitsu Maruno, Yuji Abe, Tatsuo Ozeki, Takahiro Nakamoto, and Naohito Yoshida

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3339 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1572555 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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The surface electronic properties of AlGaAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors were investigated by isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy (ICTS) and gate-leakage current characteristic measurements. Both hole- and electron-like trap spectra were observed by ICTS measurements on gate–source/drain capacitance. We observed enhancement of leakage current and drastic change of static and transient capacitance behavior around a pinch-off voltage. The leakage characteristics and ICTS results were explained in terms of a surface states model. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices
73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
73.40.Kp III-V semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping

Performance of flexible polymeric light-emitting diodes under bending conditions

Ralph Paetzold, Karsten Heuser, Debora Henseler, Stephan Roeger, Georg Wittmann, and Albrecht Winnacker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3342 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1574400 (3 pages) | Cited 46 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Organic light-emitting diodes were fabricated on a 125-μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate substrate covered with 100 nm indium tin oxide. The luminance–current–voltage performance and the emission spectrum of the devices are investigated in the bent state under mechanical stress at different bending radii. Down to a curvature of 15 mm, no significant decrease in the device performance is found compared to the relaxed state, as well as to conventional devices on glass substrates. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
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Improvement of discharge capacity of LiCoO2 thin-film cathodes deposited in trench structure by liquid-delivery metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Sang-In Cho and Soon-Gil Yoon

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3345 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1571958 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Pt collector and LiCoO2 cathode films were deposited onto trench-SiO2/Si substrates by liquid-delivery metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (LDMOCVD). The 100-nm-thick Pt thin films deposited at 350 °C showed the lowest resistivity and roughness and step-coverage of 57% in trench structure (aspect ratio-1). The LiCoO2 cathode films (step-coverage=51%) deposited onto a Pt collector showed an increase of approximately two and half times the discharge capacity compared with those of planar-cathode films. The LDMOCVD process is suitable to improve the discharge capacity of LiCoO2 cathode films using a trench structure in lithium rechargeable batteries. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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82.45.Fk Electrodes
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
82.47.Aa Lithium-ion batteries
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology

Enhancement of laser-ultrasound/electromagnetic-acoustic transducer signals from Rayleigh wave interaction at surface features

S. Boonsang and R. J. Dewhurst

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3348 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1571980 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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The enhancement of signals from Rayleigh wave interaction at solid surface features is described, for the case when signals arise from laser-ultrasound/electromagnetic-acoustic transducer (EMAT) detection system. Transient surface acoustic waves were detected by an in-plane EMAT receiver. B-scan images from surface slot or surface edge interactions revealed increased signal amplitude from these features of a factor ∼1.59. An explanation is based on the interaction of the EMAT sensor with the Rayleigh wave. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
43.35.Pt Surface waves in solids and liquids
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
43.38.Rh Surface acoustic wave transducers

Surface-acoustic-wave devices for the 2.5–5 GHz frequency range based on longitudinal leaky waves

T. Makkonen, V. P. Plessky, W. Steichen, and M. M. Salomaa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3351 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573361 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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The recently discovered “longitudinal leaky” surface acoustic wave on YZ-cut lithium niobate has been used to implement low-loss bandpass filters operating in the 2.5-GHz Bluetooth frequency range. The filter is of the ladder type, employing synchronous resonators as building blocks. Resonator Q-values above 300 have been measured. The filter features a center frequency of 2491 MHz, a minimum insertion loss of 3.5 dB, and a fractional 3-dB bandwidth as wide as 6.2%. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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84.30.Vn Filters
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology

Ion acceleration with ultrafast lasers

S. Busch, M. Schnürer, M. Kalashnikov, H. Schönnagel, H. Stiel, P. V. Nickles, W. Sandner, S. Ter-Avetisyan, V. Karpov, and U. Vogt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3354 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573363 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Hot-electron confinement can build up fields capable of accelerating ions up to MeV energies when an ultrashort 35-fs laser pulse at ∼ 2×1018 W/cm2 interacts with a small spherical target. Singly charged ions with different masses have similar energies. A simple phenomenological model describes how ultrashort and less-energy-consumptive pulses drive ions to MeV energies. The energetic and spatial-emission characteristics of protons, deuterons and oxygen ions released from water and heavy-water droplets of ∼ 15 μm in size was determined for this interaction scenario. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors
79.20.Ds Laser-beam impact phenomena
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams

Periodic patterning in materials deposition by self-regulating diffusion-reaction processes

M. Bhattacharya, D. G. Vlachos, and M. Tsapatsis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3357 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1574405 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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A mechanism is proposed and validated through numerical simulations to explain periodic patterning of materials as a result of self-organization caused via Turing instability. The proposed model includes autocatalytic chemistry of the activator–inhibitor type to form a precursor followed by nucleation and growth. Critical parameters affecting deposit pattern formation and sharpness include the critical concentration for nucleation, the growth rate, and the diffusion of the growth precursor. The proposed mechanism offers a possible explanation for the recently observed periodicity of TiO2 bands formed in microporous Vycor™ glass. Conditions for the spontaneous self-organization of materials, such as semiconductor quantum dots and photocatalytic materials, are discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces

Mapping the chemical states of an element inside a sample using tomographic x-ray absorption spectroscopy

C. G. Schroer, M. Kuhlmann, T. F. Günzler, B. Lengeler, M. Richwin, B. Griesebock, D. Lützenkirchen-Hecht, R. Frahm, E. Ziegler, A. Mashayekhi, D. R. Haeffner, J.-D. Grunwaldt, and A. Baiker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3360 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573352 (3 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Hard x-ray absorption spectroscopy is combined with scanning microtomography to reconstruct full near-edge spectra of an elemental species at each location on an arbitrary virtual section through a sample. These spectra reveal the local concentrations of different chemical compounds of the absorbing element inside the sample and give insight into the oxidation state, the local atomic structure, and the local projected free density of states. The method is implemented by combining a quick scanning monochromator and data acquisition system with a scanning microprobe setup based on refractive x-ray lenses. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
61.05.cj X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
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