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12 May 2003

Volume 82, Issue 19, pp. 3147-3362

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3266 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1572970 (3 pages)

Michael Mück, Christian Welzel, and John Clarke
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Wide photonic band gaps at the visible in metallic nanowire arrays embedded in a dielectric matrix

N. Garcia, E. V. Ponizowskaya, Hao Zhu, John Q. Xiao, and A. Pons

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3147 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1569656 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We present experimental verification of very wide band gaps at the visible by using a composite material consisting of an array of metallic nanowires embedded in a dielectric matrix. When the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave is long in such that the effective permittivity of the composite is negative, the electromagnetic waves will be reflected. At short wavelengths, the electromagnetic waves will go through the dielectric matrix. Therefore, the cutoff frequency is controlled by the average separation between metallic nanowires and their radii, allowing us to tune the band gap at will. These experimental results, in very good agreement with theoretical calculations, are at variant with many results that claim that the randomness will destroy the band gaps. In addition, the insulating nature of the composite minimizes the energy loss. Finally, it is easy and inexpensive to prepare samples. This work opens ground in the development of optical devices nanotechnology. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)

Horn resonator boosts miniature free-electron laser power

A. Bakhtyari and J. H. Brownell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3150 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1571959 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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The Dartmouth miniature grating-based free-electron laser is a benchtop device producing coherent, tunable terahertz radiation. Two resonator designs, the planar grating horn and the grating horn are described and their performance compared with the simple planar grating case. The grating horn increases output intensity by a factor of 100 without limiting the tuning range of the device. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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41.60.Cr Free-electron lasers
42.79.Dj Gratings

Bragg-diffraction-type acousto-optic device using Pb(ZrTi)O3 film

Changho Lee, Sangho Kim, and Kwangsoo No

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3153 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1571664 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We fabricated a hybrid-type acousto-optic (AO) device [Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT)/TiOx/SiO2/SiNx/SiO2/Si] and analyzed AO Bragg diffraction efficiency (ζ) to estimate the applicability of piezoelectric PZT to a Bragg-diffraction-type AO device. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) was generated on the PZT film, and an optical beam (He–Ne laser) was guided in the SiNx film. ζ was varied to 9% in the AO devices fabricated with various AO quality factors (Q) and film thicknesses of top SiO2 and PZT film, respectively. Using the results, we qualitatively analyzed the decay of SAW power to the film depth direction and AO figure of merit (M2 = 0.75×10−18 s3/g) of the SiNx film. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Jq Acousto-optical devices
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.65.Dq Acoustoelectric effects and surface acoustic waves (SAW) in piezoelectrics
42.79.Dj Gratings
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
78.66.Nk Insulators

Backflow in the relaxation of a hybrid aligned nematic cell

S. A. Jewell and J. R. Sambles

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3156 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573336 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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The optical convergent-beam technique has been used to measure the changing director profile in a 4.6 μm ZLI-2293 filled hybrid aligned nematic cell when a 7 Vrms ac voltage was removed. The relaxation process has been recorded in 0.3 ms time steps allowing the detailed director backflow occurring in the initial 9 ms of the reorientation process to be quantified. The measured tilt profiles over the 60 ms total relaxation period were compared to model tilt profiles produced using the Leslie–Eriksen–Parodi theory, and excellent agreement was found. Further analysis shows that the backflow is dominated by the viscosity coefficient η1 and the overall relaxation is governed by the coefficient γ1. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
42.70.Df Liquid crystals

Simultaneous generation of red, green, and blue quasi-continuous-wave coherent radiation based on multiple quasi-phase-matched interactions from a single, aperiodically-poled LiTaO3

Jun Liao, Jing-Liang He, Hui Liu, Hui-Tian Wang, S. N. Zhu, Y. Y. Zhu, and N. B. Ming

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3159 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1570941 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We report the experimental result of simultaneous generation of red, green, and blue (RGB) quasi-continuous-wave coherent radiation from a single, aperiodically poled LiTaO3 (APPLT), with a diode-pumped dual-wavelength Nd:YVO4 laser oscillating at 1064 and 1342 nm simultaneously. Red at 671 nm and blue at 447 nm were achieved by frequency doubling and tripling of a 1342-nm fundamental laser, respectively, and green at 532 nm was achieved by frequency doubling of a 1064-nm fundamental laser. The aperiodic structure provided three effective reciprocals to compensate the phase mismatches of the above three nonlinear processes at the same time. The result indicates that the APPLT may be employed to construct an all-solid-state RGB laser. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.79.Nv Optical frequency converters
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
42.70.Hj Laser materials
42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals
42.79.Wc Optical coatings
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems

Linear and third-order nonlinear optical absorption of amorphous Ge nanoclusters embedded in Al2O3 matrix synthesized by electron-beam coevaporation

Q. Wan, C. L. Lin, N. L. Zhang, W. L. Liu, G. Yang, and T. H. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3162 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573332 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Amorphous germanium (α-Ge) nanoclusters embedded in Al2O3 matrix are synthesized on fused-quartz glass substrate at room temperature by vacuum electron-beam coevaporation. Linear optical transmittance measurements reveal an indirect optical absorption edge with a blueshift as large as 1.6 eV due to the quantum confinement effects. The Z-scan method is used to study the third-order nonlinear absorption process of the synthesized samples, which clearly show a two-photon nonlinear process. Results also suggest that Ge nanocluster density or size is of great influence to the value of nonlinear absorption coefficient β. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
78.66.Db Elemental semiconductors and insulators
81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.07.Wx Nanopowders
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Far-infrared (λ ≃ 87 μm) bound-to-continuum quantum-cascade lasers operating up to 90 K

Giacomo Scalari, Lassaad Ajili, Jérôme Faist, Harvey Beere, Edmund Linfield, David Ritchie, and Giles Davies

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3165 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1571653 (3 pages) | Cited 97 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We report terahertz frequency (3.5 THz, λ ≃ 87 μm) emission from quantum-cascade lasers employing a bound-to-continuum transition in the active region. The maximum operating temperature is in excess of 90 K. Peak powers of 20 mW at 20 K and 10 mW at 77 K are achieved. The same devices show continuous-wave operation up to 55 K with measured optical powers of 15 mW at 10 K. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
73.21.Fg Quantum wells

Prism grating using polymer stabilized nematic liquid crystal

Hongwen Ren, Yun-Hsing Fan, and Shin-Tson Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3168 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573366 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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A prism grating using polymer stabilized liquid crystal was fabricated and its diffraction characteristics evaluated. Such a prism grating exhibits not only a periodic grating structure but also a prism-like gradient refractive index within each grating period. As a result, the diffraction behavior is asymmetric. The first order exhibits high diffraction efficiency while the zeroth order has a high extinguishing ratio. The potential application as a beam deflector is emphasized. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Dj Gratings
42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.79.Ry Gradient-index (GRIN) devices
42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices

Fluidic adaptive lens with high focal length tunability

De-Ying Zhang, Victor Lien, Yevgeny Berdichevsky, Jaehyuck Choi, and Yu-Hwa Lo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3171 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573337 (2 pages) | Cited 89 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Fluidic adaptive lenses with an adjustable focal length over a wide range were demonstrated in this letter. The focal length adjustment was achieved by changing the shape of the fluidic lens without any mechanical moving parts. The shortest focal length demonstrated in such devices is 41 mm, which corresponds to a large numerical aperture of 0.24 and a small F number of 2.05. The highest resolution measured using a positive standard is 25.39 lp/mm in this fluidic adaptive lens. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
47.85.Np Fluidics
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices

High refractive-index microspheres of optical cavity structure

Yusuke Arai, Tetsuji Yano, and Shuichi Shibata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3173 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573331 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Microspheres of refractive index of nD>2 have been investigated. The organic-inorganic hybrid microspheres of refractive index nD = 1.70–1.72 were prepared at room temperature by the vibrating orifice technique using titanium alkoxide and silane coupling reagents as starting materials. Subsequently heating the microspheres at 400–450 °C resulted in increasing their refractive indices to nD = 2.10–2.25 with keeping good spherical shape. Rhodamine 6G-doped microspheres of nD = 1.72 were also prepared at room temperature and the lasing from them was performed by pumping by second-harmonic pulses of Q-switched Nd–yttritium–aluminum–garnet laser. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Electro-optic control of the superprism effect in photonic crystals

David Scrymgeour, Natalia Malkova, Sungwon Kim, and Venkatraman Gopalan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3176 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1574402 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We have designed a two-dimensional photonic crystal in electro-optic materials that can actively control the superprism effect. By applying an electric field to the photonic crystal, the electro-optic effect will change the dielectric constant of the material, which modifies both the band structure and the dispersion surfaces. In the proposed structures, we show that electric fields of up to 6 V/μm in (Pb0.09La0.91)(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3-based photonic crystals can deflect light up to 49°. This device concept can be used for a class of optical modulation devices that can provide a local control of dispersion surfaces within a photonic crystal. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)

Picosecond sampling with fiber-illuminated ErAs:GaAs photoconductive switches in a strong magnetic field and a cryogenic environment

M. Griebel, J. H. Smet, J. Kuhl, K. von Klitzing, D. C. Driscoll, C. Kadow, and A. C. Gossard

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3179 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573367 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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A sampling setup for a cryogenic environment has been developed using fiber-illuminated photoconductive switches fabricated from a material composed of equidistant layers of self-assembled ErAs nanoislands in a GaAs matrix. The setup includes dispersion compensation of the fibers and exhibits a time resolution better than 2.2 ps, which is insensitive to temperature and applied magnetic field and limited only by the properties of the coplanar waveguide circuitry. In cryogenic photocurrent autocorrelation measurements on single switches, a resolution exceeding 850 fs could be achieved. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices
85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Polarization-controlled, single-transverse-mode, photonic-crystal, vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers

Dae-Sung Song, Yong-Jae Lee, Han-Woo Choi, and Yong-Hee Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3182 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1574398 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We developed a polarization-controlled, single-transverse-mode, photonic-crystal, vertical-cavity, surface-emitting laser (PC-VCSEL) by introducing elliptical air holes in the top mirror. The polarization-controlled PC-VCSELs show polarization extinction ratios of over 29 dB. The origin of the polarization stability is explained by the asymmetric polarization mode profile and the asymmetric current injection profile. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Multispectral long-wavelength quantum-well infrared photodetectors

P. Mitra, F. C. Case, J. H. McCurdy, S. A. Zaidel, and L. T. Claiborne

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3185 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573354 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Multispectral detector arrays for application in the 8–11 μm spectral band have been fabricated from GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum-well (MQW) materials. For efficient narrow-band coupling of the infrared radiation, three-dimensional diffractive resonant optical cavities are patterned into the MQW material. The peak wavelengths of the multispectral quantum-well infrared photodetectors are tuned by controlling the dimensions of the resonant structure. The full width at half maximum of the spectral response is as narrow as 0.7 μm. As many as 24 different detector designs were implemented on a single array. The spectrally tuned detectors exhibit peak responsivities as high as 2.6 A/W and quantum efficiency as high as 57%. Total conversion efficiency is as high as 35%. The background limited peak detectivity measured at 9.0 μm and 55 K with a 295 K background and f/2.5 is ≥ 1×1011 cm Hz0.5/W. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
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