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12 May 2003

Volume 82, Issue 19, pp. 3147-3362

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3266 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1572970 (3 pages)

Michael Mück, Christian Welzel, and John Clarke
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Laser-induced surface cleaning of molybdenum field emitter arrays for enhanced electron emission

D. S. Seo, C. O. Kim, J. P. Hong, J. S. Shin, B. K. Song, S. N. Cha, J. W. Chung, J. M. Kim, and H. S. Baik

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3299 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1567804 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Visible laser irradiation on molybdenum field emission arrays (Mo–FEAs) was performed as one efficient cleaning method in order to etch off any unnecessary oxidation layers on the FEA surface. Scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed clear removal of ultrathin MoO oxide layers at the emitter edge through a photoinduced thermal process. A sharp surface morphology of the emitter tips was also observed due to the crystallization or thermalmigration effect during the laser exposure. The structural enhancement of the FEA was strongly confirmed by a remarkable increase of 40% in the emission current after laser exposure. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.62.Cf Industrial applications
85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions

Optical absorption spectra of thin GaInNAs single quantum wells investigated by means of piezoelectric photothermal spectroscopy

Tetsuo Ikari, Kenji Imai, Atsushi Ito, and Masahiko Kondow

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3302 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573358 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Recently developed compound semiconductor GaInNAs is a promising material for optical fiber communication. The absorption spectrum of thin GaInNAs layer (10-nm thickness) was observed by using our developed piezoelectric photothermal spectroscopy. The spectra revealed a step-like density of states and exciton formation in two-dimensional discrete levels in the quantum well. Effective mass of the conduction band was estimated to be 0.05m0 by assuming that the valence-band offset was negligible. Rapid thermal annealing relaxes a lattice defects and distortions, and this results in a blueshift of the spectrum. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.De Quantum wells
71.35.Cc Intrinsic properties of excitons; optical absorption spectra
71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g factor
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors

Simulating the magnetic susceptibility of magnetic nanowire arrays

A. J. Bennett and J. M. Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3304 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573348 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We study the magnetostatic interaction and relaxation of nanomagnetic wires in arrays using a Monte-Carlo model. Using this model we describe the magnetic behavior of a two-dimensional array of high aspect ratio ferromagnetic, single-domain nanowires, ordered parallel to one another in a nonmagnetic template. We use this model to determine stable configurations and hysteresis loops, and also investigate the mean field behavior of a typical nanowire array to determine the influence of the geometrical and magnetic parameters on the behavior of the array. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.40.Mg Numerical simulation studies
75.45.+j Macroscopic quantum phenomena in magnetic systems
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances; spin-wave resonance

Fabrication of a single-electron inverter in multiwall carbon nanotubes

K. Ishibashi, D. Tsuya, M. Suzuki, and Y. Aoyagi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3307 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1572537 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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A single-electron inverter based on the Coulomb blockade effects has been fabricated in multiwalled carbon nanotubes, by using the Ar irradiation method for the tunnel barrier formation in the quantum dots. The device characteristics were measured at 2.6 K, and an indication of inverter-like transfer characteristics has been obtained. The performance of the device was not completely satisfactory for the inverter operation in terms of the voltage gain and the voltage swing, but the present technique turns out to be useful for the fabrication of single-electron logic devices in carbon nanotubes. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.35.Ds Quantum interference devices
73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling
81.07.De Nanotubes
85.35.Gv Single electron devices
84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers, limiters, and compressors
84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits

Tuning the response of magnetic suspensions

M. Chen, L. Sun, J. E. Bonevich, D. H. Reich, C. L. Chien, and P. C. Searson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3310 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1569429 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Electrochemical template synthesis of multilayer nanowires consisting of alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers provides an approach to control the properties of magnetic particles in suspension. Copper/nickel multilayer nanowires were fabricated by electrochemical deposition from a solution containing both nickel and copper ions. We demonstrate that the magnetic shape anisotropy and dipolar interactions between magnetic layers can be exploited to tailor the magnetic response in ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic multilayer nanowires in a suspension. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating

Optical nanowriting on azobenzene side-chain polymethacrylate thin films by near-field scanning optical microscopy

V. Likodimos, M. Labardi, L. Pardi, M. Allegrini, M. Giordano, A. Arena, and S. Patanè

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3313 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1572538 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Optical writing and subsequent reading of information on thin films of azobenzene side-chain polymethacrylates on the 100-nm scale are demonstrated by near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) with polarization control. Polarized blue light at 488 nm coupled to the NSOM aperture probe activates trans–cis–trans isomerization cycles of the side chains, causing their alignment and thus locally inducing optical birefringence. Red light at 690 nm with modulated polarization is coupled to the same aperture and used to detect optical anisotropy on the local scale. Lines of width on the 100-nm scale were optically inscribed and detected even with no concurrent topographic modification. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
78.20.Fm Birefringence
42.25.Lc Birefringence
42.25.Ja Polarization
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
82.50.-m Photochemistry

Synthesis of well-ordered CuO nanofibers by a self-catalytic growth mechanism

Chien-Te Hsieh, Jin-Ming Chen, Hung-Hsiao Lin, and Han-Chang Shih

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3316 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1569043 (3 pages) | Cited 63 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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One-dimensional and well-ordered CuO nanofiber arrays have been synthesized by a processing of self-catalytic growth. Using polycarbonate (PC) membrane as a template, copper nuclei sites Cu(111) were uniformly deposited on copper substrate via a high voltage input (electric field: 15 V/cm) in a copper sulphate solution. According to the pore diameter of PC membranes, two different sizes of copper nuclei could be well-controlled in ranges of 50 to 60 and 100 to 150 nm. With heat treatment in oxygen atmosphere, the electrodeposited copper nuclei were transformed into CuO nanofiber arrays. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that the nanocrystalline CuO nanofibers with a mean length of 8 μm had an average order of 107–108/cm2 in density, and their average diameters were accorded with the size of Cu nuclei. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
82.45.Qr Electrodeposition and electrodissolution
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)

Fe2O3 particles encapsulated inside aligned CNx nanotubes

R. Che, L.-M. Peng, Q. Chen, X. F. Duan, and Z. N. Gu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3319 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1574399 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Aligned CNx nanotubes filled with Fe2O3 particles were synthesized through a single pyrolysis reaction of acetonitrile and Fe2O3/SiO2 catalyst at 900 °C under Ar2 flow. The number and spacing of the encapsulated Fe2O3 particles inside the CNx nanotubes were controlled by adjusting the amount and time of acetonitrile feeding. The chemical composition and atomic structure of the nanocapsulates were investigated using combined techniques of high-resolution electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and elemental mapping. It was found that the encapsulated particles were Fe2O3 particles and that the doped nitrogen atoms, which were mainly pyridine-like, bonded with two carbon atoms within the graphene sheets, giving rise to a π∗-type peak at around 399 eV in EELS spectra. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
79.20.Uv Electron energy loss spectroscopy

Comparing the conductivity of molecular wires with the scanning tunneling microscope

Amy Szuchmacher Blum, John C. Yang, Ranganathan Shashidhar, and Banahalli Ratna

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3322 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573365 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Current–voltage characteristics as measured by scanning tunneling microscopy for several different molecular backbones are presented. It is demonstrated that isolated oligo(phenylene ethynylene) molecules have the same measured conductance as oligo(phenylene ethynylene) molecules in a crystalline self-assembled monolayer. This result suggests that previous studies involving relatively large surface areas of self-assembled monolayers can be applied to molecular electronics devices employing small numbers of molecules. In addition, gap resistance measurements are used to rank the molecular conductance of oligo(phenylene ethynylene), oligo(phenylene vinylene), and dodecanedithiol. The observed trend for isolated molecules agrees with earlier large-scale measurements. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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72.15.Nj Collective modes (e.g., in one-dimensional conductors)
72.80.Le Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors)
73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds
85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices

Optical amplification in bismuth-doped silica glass

Yasushi Fujimoto and Masahiro Nakatsuka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3325 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1575492 (2 pages) | Cited 85 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We demonstrated an amplification phenomenon in a bismuth-doped silica glass at 1.3 μm with 0.8-μm excitation. This luminescent material is a promising candidate for use as the core-fiber material of an optical amplifier at the natural zero-dispersion wavelength (1.3 μm) of silica glass fiber. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
42.70.Hj Laser materials
78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers

Single-step electrochemical machining of complex nanostructures with ultrashort voltage pulses

A. L. Trimmer, J. L. Hudson, M. Kock, and R. Schuster

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3327 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1576499 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We show that complex patterns including three-dimensional structures, lines, curved features, and arrays can be machined in substrates in single-step processing without the need for rastering. High-aspect-ratio nanometer accurate features were machined in nickel using ultrashort voltage pulse electrochemical machining. Experiments were conducted with two different tool shapes. The first was a combination of rectangles, squares, and a half circle; the second was a 2×2 array. The effect of pulse duration and electrolyte concentration on feature resolution was studied. Structures with 90 nm widths were made by applying 2 ns voltage pulses. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis

Green-light-emitting ZnSe nanowires fabricated via vapor phase growth

B. Xiang, H. Z. Zhang, G. H. Li, F. H. Yang, F. H. Su, R. M. Wang, J. Xu, G. W. Lu, X. C. Sun, Q. Zhao, and D. P. Yu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3330 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1573334 (3 pages) | Cited 67 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Stoichiometric ZnSe nanowires have been synthesized through a vapor phase reaction of zinc and selenium powder on the (100) silicon substrate coated with a gold film of 2 nm in thickness. The microstructures and the chemical compositions of the as-grown nanowires have been investigated by means of electron microscopy, the energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results reveal that the as-grown materials consist of ZnSe nanowires with diameters ranging from 5 to 50 nm. Photoluminescence of the sample demonstrates a strong green emission from room temperature down to 10 K. This is attributed to the recombination of electrons from conduction band to the medium deep Au acceptors. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.Lt Quantum wires
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
73.21.Hb Quantum wires
73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species

Dynamic control and modal analysis of coupled nano-mechanical resonators

Dominik V. Scheible, Artur Erbe, and Robert H. Blick

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3333 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1575491 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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We present measurements on nanomechanical resonators allowing full in situ tuning of their dynamic properties, including higher-order nonlinearities (up to fifth order) and the mechanical quality factor Q. This is accomplished by gating electrodes and balancing resonators, similarily to a classical tuning fork. A detailed modal analysis is performed and reproducibility of the device response is verified. Eigenfrequencies are in the range of 40 to 70 MHz, and quality factor rises up to Q ∼ 6×103. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices

Scribing into hydrogenated diamond surfaces using atomic force microscopy

B. Rezek, C. Sauerer, J. A. Garrido, C. E. Nebel, M. Stutzmann, E. Snidero, and P. Bergonzo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3336 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1576507 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 6 May 2003

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is applied to control surface termination of hydrogenated diamond surfaces with lateral resolution of ≈ 10 nm. Using negatively biased silicon cantilevers, microscopic patterns can be scribed into a diamond surface, up to a depth of 3 nm. The inscribed patterns exhibit different electronic properties to the rest of the surface, namely electron affinity and conductivity. The effect of contact and noncontact AFM on the pattern appearance is discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species
68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
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