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19 May 2003

Volume 82, Issue 20, pp. 3379-3570

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3266 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1572970 (3 pages)

Michael Mück, Christian Welzel, and John Clarke
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Eu3+ ion as fluorescent probe for detecting the surface effect in nanocrystals

Chun-Hua Yan, Ling-Dong Sun, Chun-Sheng Liao, Ying-Xin Zhang, Yi-Qiang Lu, Shi-Hua Huang, and Shao-Zhe Lü

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3511 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1575504 (3 pages) | Cited 45 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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Nanocrystalline yttrium vanadate doped with trivalent europium ions, YVO4:Eu3+, was synthesized via the microemulsion mediated hydrothermal process. Laser selective excitation spectra were employed to probe the local environments of Eu3+ ions in YVO4 nanocrystals. The local environments of the dopant ions were diversified because of the surface effect in nanocrystals, which led to an increase in linewidth in excitation and emission spectra. Furthermore, the change of site symmetry from the interior to the surface of nanoparticles was clearly exhibited in the emission spectra of Eu3+ ions under different excitation wavelengths. The results show that the fluorescent behavior of doped Eu3+ ions may be a useful probe for detecting the surface effect in nanosize materials. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
61.72.S- Impurities in crystals
68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities

Direct fabrication of nanowires in an electron microscope

N. Silvis-Cividjian, C. W. Hagen, P. Kruit, M. A. J. v.d. Stam, and H. B. Groen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3514 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1575506 (3 pages) | Cited 55 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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Electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) is a potentially fast and resistless deposition technique which might overcome the fundamental resolution limits of conventional electron-beam lithography. We advance the understanding of the EBID process by simulating the structure growth. The merit of our model is that it explains the shapes of structures grown by EBID quantitatively. It also predicts the possibility to directly fabricate structures with lateral sizes smaller than 10 nm and points out the ideal conditions to achieve this goal. We verify these predictions by fabricating sub-10-nm lines and dots in a state-of-the-art scanning transmission electron microscope. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Self-assembling of Ge on finite Si(001) areas comparable with the island size

L. Vescan, T. Stoica, B. Holländer, A. Nassiopoulou, A. Olzierski, I. Raptis, and E. Sutter

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3517 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1576498 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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Voids in ultrathin oxide and electron-beam lithography-patterned windows were used to deposit Ge selectively. The number of islands is a function of the total amount of Ge deposited in a void or window. Our results show that islands smaller than the void/window size nucleate mainly near the periphery. This might be due to the tensile strain in the Si substrate near the oxide edge. The interruption of the wetting layer reduces the loss of excitons by lateral diffusion, resulting in considerable increase in optical emission from islands. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.)

Effect of length and spacing of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on field emission properties

S. H. Jo, Y. Tu, Z. P. Huang, D. L. Carnahan, D. Z. Wang, and Z. F. Ren

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3520 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1576310 (3 pages) | Cited 106 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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The length and the spacing of carbon nanotube (CNT) films are varied independently to investigate their effect on the field-emission characteristics of the vertically aligned CNT films grown by plasma-enhanced hot filament chemical vapor deposition using pulsed-current electrochemically deposited catalyst particles. It is shown that, in general, the macroscopic electric field Emac,1, defined as the electric field when the emission current density reaches 1 mA/cm2, can be reduced by increasing the length and the spacing of CNTs. However, for the very-high-density CNT films, the increase of length increases Emac,1 slightly, whereas for the very short CNT films, the increase of spacing does not effectively reduce Emac,1. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters

Spatial ordering in InP/InGaP nanostructures

J. R. R. Bortoleto, H. R. Gutiérrez, M. A. Cotta, J. Bettini, L. P. Cardoso, and M. M. G. de Carvalho

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3523 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1572553 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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We report the observation of a spatially-ordered bidimensional array of self-assembled InP quantum dots grown on slightly In-rich InGaP layers. The alignment of InP dots is observed along [100] and [010] directions. This effect is enhanced when 2° off vicinal substrates are used; it is also strongly dependent on growth temperature. Our results suggest that the density and size of CuPt-type atomically ordered regions as well as compositional modulation of InGaP layers play an important role on the spatial alignment of InP/InGaP quantum dots. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
81.16.Dn Self-assembly

Diamond-like carbon nanocomposite films

Liang-Yih Chen and Franklin Chau-Nan Hong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3526 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1576909 (3 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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Diamond-like carbon (DLC) nanocomposite films were deposited at room temperature by inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition using hexamethyldisilane (HMDS), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSN), and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) precursors. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed that all the films contained nanoparticles. The DLC nanocomposite films deposited by HMDS contained hollow spherical nanocrystallites, called nanoballs, of hexagonal silicon carbide. The nanocomposite films deposited by HMDSN contained crystalline Si3N4 nanoparticles. The nanocomposite films deposited by HMDSO contained amorphous SiOx nanoparticles. Although both types of films had similar hardness, the DLC nanocomposite films exhibited much lower compressive stresses than the DLC films deposited by methane, i.e., 1.5 vs 11 GPa, respectively. Through the enhancement of gas phase reactions, the inductively coupled plasma should be responsible for the formation of nanoparticles in the nanocomposite films. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
62.25.-g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure

Microstructuring by printing and laser curing of nanoparticle solutions

N. R. Bieri, J. Chung, S. E. Haferl, D. Poulikakos, and C. P. Grigoropoulos

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3529 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1575502 (3 pages) | Cited 43 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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In this letter, the process of printing and laser curing of nanoparticle solutions is presented. A liquid solvent is employed as the carrier of gold nanoparticles (the material of interest in this study) possessing a low melting temperature compared to that of bulk gold. Using a specifically designed printing system, the gold nanoparticle solution is deposited on a substrate and cured with laser radiation. In this manner, the potential of writing gold structures on temperature sensitive substrates is demonstrated. The interaction between the laser radiation and nanoparticles drives the solvent evaporation and controls the quality of the microstructures printing process. The latter is also affected by thermocapillary flow at the free surface, developing during the curing process. An optical method for estimating the curing times is also developed and discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation

Damping of micromechanical structures by paramagnetic relaxation

J. G. E. Harris, R. Knobel, K. D. Maranowski, A. C. Gossard, N. Samarth, and D. D. Awschalom

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3532 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1577385 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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We find that the damping of micromechanical cantilevers is sensitive to the relaxation dynamics of paramagnetic ions contained within the levers. We measure cantilevers containing paramagnetic Mn ions as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and the vibrational mode of the lever and find that the levers’ damping is strongly enhanced by the interplay between the motion of the lever, the ions’ magnetic anisotropy, and the ratio of the ions’ longitudinal relaxation rate to the resonance frequency of the cantilever. This enhancement can improve the levers’ ability to probe the relaxation behavior of paramagnetic or superparamagnetic systems; it may also represent a previously unrecognized source of “intrinsic” dissipation in micromechanical structures. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
45.80.+r Control of mechanical systems
76.30.Fc Iron group (3d) ions and impurities (Ti-Cu)

Coulomb blockade devices of Co dot arrays on tungsten-nanowire templates fabricated by using only a thin film technique

Yun-Hi Lee, Dong-Ho Kim, Kyung-Sik Shin, Chang-Hoon Choi, Yoon-Taek Jang, and Byeong-Kwon Ju

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3535 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1571978 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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A simple fabrication of gate-controlled nanodevices made of the Co nanodots on tungsten (W)-nanowire templates by using conventional photolithography and a thin film technique is reported. The combined multiple grain nanobridge allows the observation of the Coulomb gap up to a temperature as high as 200 K and shows nonlinear current–voltage characteristics up to 250 K. The combination of Co dots with straight W-nanowire templates opens possibilities of reproducible blockade devices. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.35.Ds Quantum interference devices
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling
73.63.Kv Quantum dots

Integrated piezoresistive sensors for atomic force-guided scanning Hall probe microscopy

A. J. Brook, S. J. Bending, J. Pinto, A. Oral, D. Ritchie, H. Beere, M. Henini, and A. Springthorpe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3538 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1576914 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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We report the development of an advanced sensor for atomic force-guided scanning Hall probe microscopy whereby both a high mobility heterostructure Hall effect magnetic sensor and an n-Al0.4Ga0.6As piezoresistive displacement sensor have been integrated in a single III–V semiconductor cantilever. This allows simple operation in high-vacuum/variable-temperature environments and enables very high magnetic and topographic resolution to be achieved simultaneously. Scans of magnetic induction and topography of a number of samples are presented to illustrate the sensor performance at 300 and 77 K. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
07.79.Pk Magnetic force microscopes
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices

Easy method to adjust the angle of the carbon nanotube probe of an atomic force microscope

Y. C. Chang, D. C. Wang, C. S. Chang, and Tien T. Tsong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3541 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1577388 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 12 May 2003

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A simple, practical, and reliable method has been developed to bend the carbon nanotube probe of an atomic force microscope to vertically align with the sample structure. It must first be realized that carbon nanotubes can be plastically deformed only when they are in bundle. The bundled tubes can be bent gradually and almost continuously. By scanning a patterned sample, both the bent position and angle of the attached tube probe can be adjusted. These probes also display a self-tuning character, which makes them superior than other supersharp tips for imaging structures of great depth. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
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