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13 Jan 2003

Volume 82, Issue 2, pp. 155-309

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 266 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1535271 (3 pages)

Jan Genzer, Daniel A. Fischer, and Kirill Efimenko
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Controlling the surface enhanced Raman effect via the nanoshell geometry

J. B. Jackson, S. L. Westcott, L. R. Hirsch, J. L. West, and N. J. Halas

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 257 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1534916 (3 pages) | Cited 173 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2003

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Systematic variation of the internal geometry of a dielectric core-metal shell nanoparticle allows the local electromagnetic field at the nanoparticle surface to be precisely controlled. The strength of the field as a function of core and shell dimension is measured by monitoring the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) response of nonresonant molecular adsorbates (para-mercaptoaniline) bound to the nanoparticle surface. The SERS enhancement appears to be directly and exclusively due to nanoparticle geometry. Effective SERS enhancements of 106 are observable in aqueous solution, which correspond to absolute enhancements of 1012 when reabsorption of Raman emission by nearby nanoparticles is taken into account. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Far-infrared absorption spectra and properties of SnO2 nanorods

Yingkai Liu, Yi Dong, and Guanghou Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 260 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1535745 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2003

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Gray-colored materials synthesized by calcining the precursor powders, which were produced in a microemulsion, are identified to be rutile structured SnO2 nanorods 20–45 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length by x-ray diffraction, transmission with electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission microscopy. Conspicuous far-infrared (FIR) absorption spectrum platform peaks with widths of up to 61.6 and 119 cm−1 are observed, and are explained as the overlap of the surface modes of cylindrical and spheroid particles. Good agreement is achieved between FIR platform peaks and calculated results. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics and vibrations
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces

Thermal stability of Ti-catalyzed Si nanowires

T. I. Kamins, X. Li, and R. Stanley Williams

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 263 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1534616 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2003

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The stability of long, narrow Si nanowires grown by catalytic decomposition of a Si-containing gas during annealing was investigated because their use in devices will depend on their stability during subsequent processing. The nanowires can be annealed without visible change well above 900 °C in N2 after air exposure. However, annealing in a H2 ambient more readily degrades their structure. Nanowires without a native surface oxide are stable up to 850 °C, but change significantly at 900 °C. Surface diffusion appears to be sufficient to allow constant-diameter nanowire regions to form.© 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
81.07.Vb Quantum wires
68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)

Combinatorial near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure: Simultaneous determination of molecular orientation and bond concentration on chemically heterogeneous surfaces

Jan Genzer, Daniel A. Fischer, and Kirill Efimenko

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 266 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1535271 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2003

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We show that simultaneous molecular orientation and bond chemistry of planar chemically heterogeneous surfaces can be obtained by combining near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and rastering the incident x-ray beam on the specimen. This rastering produces serially two-dimensional NEXAFS images in space and energy, revealing information about the chemistry (including bond concentration) and orientation of the surface-bound molecules with submillimeter planar spatial resolution and submonolayer molecular sensitivity. We illustrate the power of the combinatorial NEXAFS method by simultaneously probing the concentration and molecular orientation of semifluorinated (SF) molecules in double-SF molecular gradients on flat silica substrates. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.05.cj X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
68.43.Fg Adsorbate structure (binding sites, geometry)
68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces

Relationship between interfacial nitrogen concentration and activation energies of fixed-charge trapping and interface state generation under bias-temperature stress condition

Shyue Seng Tan, T. P. Chen, C. H. Ang, and L. Chan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 269 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1537053 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2003

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The influence of nitrogen concentration at a nitrided oxide/silicon interface on the activation energies of both near-interface fixed-charge trapping and interface state generation caused by negative bias temperature instability stress has been studied quantitatively. It is observed that the charge trapping and the interface state generation have about the same activation energy for a given interfacial nitrogen concentration. In addition, their activation energies are found to follow the same dependence on the nitrogen concentration. The results suggest that the charge trapping and the interface state generation have the same origin. A discussion on the mechanism of the nitrogen effect on the charge trapping and interface state generation is presented. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor-to-insulator)
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation

Crystalline boron nanowires

Y. Q. Wang and X. F. Duan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 272 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1536269 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2003

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Crystalline boron nanowires were produced through post-annealing amorphous boron nanowires synthesized by rf magnetron sputtering. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the microstructure of the crystalline boron nanowires. Selected-area electron diffraction studies showed that the crystalline boron nanowires belong to a rhombohedral structure (β-boron), with lattice parameters of a = 10.95 Å and c = 23.82 Å. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy was used to characterize the chemical composition of the boron nanowires. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
79.20.Uv Electron energy loss spectroscopy
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Carbon-nanotube-based nonvolatile memory with oxide–nitride–oxide film and nanoscale channel

Won Bong Choi, Soodoo Chae, Eunju Bae, Jo-Won Lee, Byoung-Ho Cheong, Jae-Ryoung Kim, and Ju-Jin Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 275 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1536713 (3 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2003

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We have fabricated a single-wall carbon-nanotube (CNT)-based nonvolatile memory device using SiO2–Si3N4–SiO2 (ONO) layers as a storage node. The memory device is composed of a top gate structure with a channel width of a few nanometers and the ONO layer embedded between CNT and gate electrode. When the bias voltage between the CNT and gate electrode increases to 4 V, charges are tunneled out from CNT surfaces and captured to the traps in the ONO layers. Stored charges on the trap sites make the threshold voltage shift of 60 mV and is independent of charging time, suggesting that the ONO has traps with a quasiquantized energy state. The quantized state is related to the localized high electric field associated with CNT channel. The CNT-field-effect transistor with an ONO storage node could be used for an ultrahigh-density nonvolatile memory. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.  
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85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
73.63.Fg Nanotubes
73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean free paths

Self-organized growth of single crystals of nanopores

S. Langa, I. M. Tiginyanu, J. Carstensen, M. Christophersen, and H. Föll

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 278 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1537868 (3 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2003

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Self-organized single crystalline two-dimensional hexagonal arrays of pores in InP semiconductor compound are reported. We show that the self-arrangement of pores can be obtained on n-type substrates with (100) and (111) orientations. The long-range order in pore distribution evidenced in (100)InP samples proves to be favored by the so-called nucleation layer exhibiting branching pores oriented along 〈111〉 directions. The combination of long-range order with self-induced diameter oscillations is shown to be promising for nonlithographic growth of three-dimensional pore crystals. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth

Formation mechanism of TiO2 nanotubes

B. D. Yao, Y. F. Chan, X. Y. Zhang, W. F. Zhang, Z. Y. Yang, and N. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 281 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1537518 (3 pages) | Cited 177 times

Online Publication Date: 6 January 2003

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Transmission electron microscopic observation showed that TiO2 nanotubes synthesized via a simple hydrothermal chemical process formed a crystalline structure with open-ended and multiwall morphologies. Unlike multiwalled carbon nanotubes, the TiO2 nanotube walls were not seamless. During alkali treatment, crystalline TiO2 raw material underwent delamination in the alkali solution to produce single-layer TiO2 sheets. TiO2 nanotubes were formed by rolling up the single-layer TiO2 sheets with a rolling-up vector of [001] and attracting other sheets to surround the tubes. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.07.De Nanotubes
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
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