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27 Jan 2003

Volume 82, Issue 4, pp. 487-659

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 559 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1539543 (3 pages)

P. R. C. Kent and Alex Zunger
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Crystallographic dependence of the lateral undercut wet etching rate of InGaP in HCl

M. J. Cich, J. A. Johnson, G. M. Peake, and O. B. Spahn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 651 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1540236 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 22 January 2003

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The crystallographic dependence of the lateral etch rate in 12 M HCl of InGaP lattice matched to GaAs has been measured. The etch rate at 20 °C is found to have twofold rotational symmetry about [100] and varies between <0.01 μm/min for mesas oriented along 〈011〉 directions and ∼0.9 μm/min for mesas 55° and 125° from [011] towards [0math1]. Etch fronts consist of {111}A planes. The etch rate also depends on the direction of etch step flow, suggesting that reconstruction plays an important role during InGaP wet etching. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)

High sensitivity of positron annihilation to thermal oxidation of polyethylene

Kenji Ito, Yoshinori Kobayashi, and Atsushi Nanasawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 654 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1540730 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 22 January 2003

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We demonstrate the high sensitivity of positron annihilation to compositional changes related to the thermal degradation of polyethylene (PE). Positron annihilation γ-ray and lifetime measurements were conducted for PE films with and without antioxidant (1000-ppm Ciba® IRGANOX® 1076), subjected to heat treatment at 100 °C for different periods, to a maximum of 30 days. For the film without antioxidant, the positron Doppler parameter (S) and ortho-positronium formation probability (Io−Ps) appreciably decreased with increased heat treatment times, whereas they barely changed for the film with antioxidant. This, together with the Fourier transform infrared measurements, demonstrated that the variations of S and Io−Ps are caused by the thermal oxidation of PE. The S parameter was found to be sensitive to the early stage of degradation, where the carbonyl concentration is inferred to be lower than 100 ppm. The high sensitivity results from the large positron mobility in PE and from the high positron affinity of oxygen-containing polar groups. This work provides the basis for an application of positron annihilation to sensitive detection of the initial degradation of PE and other nonpolar polymers. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.70.Bj Positron annihilation
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
81.65.Mq Oxidation
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
78.30.Jw Organic compounds, polymers
36.10.Dr Positronium
71.60.+z Positron states
78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds

Microfluidic actuation by modulation of surface stresses

Anton A. Darhuber, Joseph P. Valentino, Jeffrey M. Davis, Sandra M. Troian, and Sigurd Wagner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 657 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1537512 (3 pages) | Cited 60 times

Online Publication Date: 22 January 2003

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We demonstrate the active manipulation of nanoliter liquid samples on the surface of a glass or silicon substrate by combining chemical surface patterning with electronically addressable microheater arrays. Hydrophilic lanes designate the possible routes for liquid migration while activation of specific heater elements determine the trajectories. The induced temperature fields spatially modulate the liquid surface tension thereby providing electronic control over the direction, timing, and flow rate of continuous streams or discrete drops. Temperature maps can be programed to move, split, trap, and mix ultrasmall volumes without mechanically moving parts and with low operating voltages of 2–3 V. This method of fluidic actuation allows direct accessibility to liquid samples for handling and diagnostic purposes and provides an attractive platform for palm-sized and battery-powered analysis and synthesis. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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47.85.Np Fluidics
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
68.43.Jk Diffusion of adsorbates, kinetics of coarsening and aggregation
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles
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