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17 Feb 2003

Volume 82, Issue 7, pp. 1003-1136

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1069 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1544428 (3 pages)

M. L. Povinelli, Steven G. Johnson, J. D. Joannopoulos, and J. B. Pendry
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Optical nonlinearity resulting from a light-induced structural transition in gallium nanoparticles

K. F. MacDonald, V. A. Fedotov, and N. I. Zheludev

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1087 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1543644 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2003

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We report that a light-induced structural transformation between different phases of gallium provides a mechanism for a strong optical nonlinearity. The nonlinearity has been studied in transient pump-probe experiments on nanoparticle films deposited on the ends of optical fibers. The magnitude and relaxation time of the response show hysteretic dependencies on temperature in the range from 100 to 300 K, are enhanced near the phase transition points and disappear at temperatures above 220 K. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
64.70.Nd Structural transitions in nanoscale materials
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy

PtRu–WO3 nanostructured alloy electrode for use in thin-film fuel cells

Kyung-Won Park, Kwang-Soon Ahn, Jong-Ho Choi, Yoon-Chae Nah, and Yung-Eun Sung

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1090 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1545153 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2003

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A PtRu–WO3 nanostructured alloy electrode consisting of alloy nanophases and amorphous tungsten oxide for use in thin-film fuel cells was designed and fabricated using a multigun sputtering system with Pt and Ru metal and a tungsten oxide target. Alloy formation and the presence of nanophases in an amorphous tungsten oxide phase was confirmed by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The nanostructured alloy electrode, PtRu–WO3 showed the best performance in methanol electro-oxidation because of the presence of the alloy nanophases when compared to a Pt and PtRu thin-film electrode. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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82.47.Ed Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
82.45.Fk Electrodes

Lateral control of self-assembled island nucleation by focused-ion-beam micropatterning

M. Kammler, R. Hull, M. C. Reuter, and F. M. Ross

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1093 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1542680 (3 pages) | Cited 42 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2003

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We demonstrate that the nucleation sites of nanoscale, self-assembled Ge islands on Si(001) can be controlled by patterning the Si surface in situ with a focused ion beam. At low doses of 6000 Ga+ ions per <100 nm spot, the selective growth is achieved without modifying the initial surface topography. At larger doses, topographic effects produced by sputtering and redeposition control the selective nucleation sites. Islands grown on irradiated spots are smaller with higher aspect ratio than islands grown on clean Si(001), suggesting a strong surfactant effect of Ga. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces

ZnO nanowires formed on tungsten substrates and their electron field emission properties

Lifeng Dong, Jun Jiao, David W. Tuggle, Jeremy M. Petty, Stephen A. Elliff, and Michael Coulter

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1096 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1554477 (3 pages) | Cited 95 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2003

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Using a vapor transport method, ZnO nanowires were selectively synthesized both on tungsten tips as electron field emitters and on tungsten plates with designed patterns. Control of the growth locations of the nanowires was accomplished by selectively positioning a thin film of Au catalyst. The angular intensity and fluctuation of the field emission current from the ZnO nanowires synthesized on tungsten tips have been demonstrated to be similar to those of carbon nanotubes. A self-destruction limit of ∼ 0.1 mA/sr for angular intensity was observed, and the power spectra showed a 1/f3/2 characteristic from 1 Hz to 6 kHz. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
81.07.Vb Quantum wires

Effect of the dot size distribution on quantum dot infrared photoresponse and temperature-dependent dark current

Yong Hoon Kang, Jinsung Park, Uk Hyun Lee, and Songcheol Hong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1099 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555711 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2003

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The fit allows us to find the standard deviation and the average activation energy for electrons in the dot distribution, which is consistent with the peak energy of the photocurrent spectrum measured in the middle infrared. On the contrary, the activation energy found from a conventional Arrhenius fit is well below the photocurrent peak energy. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
73.63.Kv Quantum dots
72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
72.80.Ey III-V and II-VI semiconductors
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)

Magnetically modulated optical nanoprobes

Jeffrey N. Anker and Raoul Kopelman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1102 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1544435 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2003

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We have developed magnetically modulated optical nanoprobes (MagMOONs) to magnetically modulate the signal from fluorescent probes and thus separate it from autofluorescence, electronic offsets, and other background signals. These micro- and nanosized particles emit fluorescence signals, indicating chemical concentrations, and blink in response to rotating magnetic fields. Demodulating the signal dramatically enhances the probe’s signal to background ratio. The probes and methods promise to improve immunoassays, intracellular chemical sensing, and fundamental biochemical research. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.17.-d Cell processes
85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices
87.50.C- Static and low-frequency electric and magnetic fields effects
87.15.N- Properties of solutions of macromolecules
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators

Hydrogen storage capacity of commercially available carbon materials at room temperature

H. Kajiura, S. Tsutsui, K. Kadono, M. Kakuta, M. Ata, and Y. Murakami

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1105 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555262 (3 pages) | Cited 45 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2003

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The hydrogen storage capacity of five types of commercially available carbon materials with different nanostructures was measured at up to 8 MPa at room temperature using an apparatus based on a volumetric method with an error of less than 0.04 wt %/gr. The highest storage capacity of 0.43 wt % was obtained for purified HiPco™ single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). In the SWNTs, the hydrogen density in pores with a diameter of less than 1 nm was estimated to be a 0.022 g/ml, which corresponds to 31% of the density of liquid hydrogen. Issues in the development of carbon-based hydrogen storage media are discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage
82.60.Qr Thermodynamics of nanoparticles
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
82.45.Yz Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry

Formation of crystalline Si nanodots in SiO2 films by electron irradiation

Xi-wen Du, Masaki Takeguchi, Miyoko Tanaka, and Kazuo Furuya

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1108 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555691 (3 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2003

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Amorphous SiO2 transforms into crystalline Si by 200 kV electron irradiation at ambient temperature. The transformation of amorphous SiO2 to crystalline Si takes place in two steps; the first step involves transformation of amorphous SiO2 into amorphous Si, while the second step is the crystallization of amorphous Si. Valence electron ionization is determined as the key factor for the transformation from SiO2 to amorphous Si; beam heating and knock-on displacement are responsible for the transformation from amorphous Si to crystalline Si. The energy threshold for the crystallization of amorphous Si is determined to be 150.2 kV. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
61.82.Fk Semiconductors

Nanometer-scale scanning sensors fabricated using stencil lithography

A. R. Champagne, A. J. Couture, F. Kuemmeth, and D. C. Ralph

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1111 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1554483 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2003

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We describe a flexible technique for fabricating 10-nm-scale devices for use as high-resolution scanning sensors and functional probes. Metallic structures are deposited directly onto atomic force microscope tips by evaporation through nanoscale holes fabricated in a stencil mask. We report on the lithographic capabilities of the technique and discuss progress in one initial application, to make high-spatial-resolution magnetic force sensors. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.79.Pk Magnetic force microscopes

In situ observation of particle-induced desorption from a self-assembled monolayer by laser-ionization mass spectrometry

E. Vandeweert, J. Bastiaansen, F. Vervaecke, P. Lievens, R. E. Silverans, P. Cyganik, Z. Postawa, H. T. Rong, and M. Buck

Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1114 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1555261 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2003

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We studied particle-stimulated desorption processes of highly ordered, self-assembled monolayers of biphenyl-based thiols covalently bound to Au/mica substrates with laser postionization in combination with mass spectrometry. Direct evidence was obtained that large molecular fragments are removed from these monolayers during impact of electrons with a kinetic energy of 1 keV. The damage that accumulates in the self-assembled monolayer with increasing electron dose was measured using ion-beam, sputter-initiated laser probing. Our results show that electron-induced desorption competes with the gradual erosion of the monolayer by the formation of a carbonaceous residual layer on the substrate. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.43.Rs Electron stimulated desorption
79.20.La Photon- and electron-stimulated desorption
82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including SIMS, multiphoton ionization and resonance ionization mass spectrometry, MALDI)
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
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