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20 Oct 2003

Volume 83, Issue 16, pp. 3233-3430

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3159 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1617378 (3 pages)

Zheng Wei Pan, Sheng Dai, David B. Beach, and Douglas H. Lowndes
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Optoelectrical properties of four amorphous silicon thin-film transistors 200 dpi active-matrix organic polymer light-emitting display

Yongtaek Hong, Jeong-Yeop Nahm, and Jerzy Kanicki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3233 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1617372 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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We report on opto-electrical properties of a current-driven 200 dpi active-matrix organic polymer red light-emitting display (AM–PLED) based on four hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistor pixel electrode circuits. The AM–PLED luminance and effective light-emission efficiency were 30 cd/m2 and 0.3 cd/A, respectively, at the data current equal to 25 mA. The display electroluminescent spectrum has a peak located at and the full width at half maximum value of 644 and 95 nm, respectively, and Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage color coordinates of (0.66,0.33). © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
85.30.Tv Field effect devices

Design, fabrication, and characterization of coupling-strength-controlled directional coupler based on two-dimensional photonic-crystal slab waveguides

Y. Sugimoto, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, T. Yang, H. Nakamura, K. Asakawa, K. Inoue, T. Maruyama, K. Miyashita, K. Ishida, and Y. Watanabe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3236 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1619209 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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A directional coupler (DC) with a coupling-strength control defect (CCD) based on a two-dimensional photonic-crystal slab waveguide is numerically and experimentally studied. The structure consists of two parallel-coupled single-defect waveguides separated by a triple-line air-hole array, with some missing air holes in the middle of the triple line. Using a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method, a 50% coupler was designed and almost 50% coupling performance was experimentally confirmed at a wavelength of ∼ 1.3 μm with a coupling length of about 7 μm, about 1/3 in length as compared to the DC without the CCD.© 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.82.-m Integrated optics
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Active silicon-based two-dimensional slab photonic crystal structures based on erbium-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon alloyed with carbon

Yong-Seok Choi, Joo Yeon Sung, Se-Heon Kim, Jung H. Shin, and Yong-Hee Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3239 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1620687 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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Two-dimensional (2D) slab photonic crystals based on Er-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon alloyed with carbon (a-Si:H:C) are proposed and realized. Freestanding and oxide-cladding slab structures are fabricated and compared. 2D slab active photonic crystal structures show enhanced extraction of the trivalent erbium ion (Er3+) luminescence independent of the pump intensity. Temperature-insensitive light extraction efficiency with negligible surface-related nonradiative recombination was experimentally observed. The maximum enhancement became eightfold in freestanding slab structures. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
78.55.Qr Amorphous materials; glasses and other disordered solids

Evidence of second-order nonlinear susceptibility sign reversal in thermally poled samples

A. Kudlinski, Y. Quiquempois, H. Zeghlache, and G. Martinelli

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3242 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1620673 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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Thin layers of silica have been removed from thermally poled samples using a hydrofluoric acid etching. After each etching, the second-harmonic signal generated within the remaining glass has been recorded by means of a Maker fringes experiment. Evidence of a sign reversal within the nonlinear distribution is pointed out for 10-min poled Infrasil™ samples. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning

Imaging of optical field confinement in ridge waveguides fabricated on very-small-aperture laser

Fang Chen, A. Itagi, J. A. Bain, D. D. Stancil, T. E. Schlesinger, L. Stebounova, G. C. Walker, and B. B. Akhremitchev

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3245 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1621088 (3 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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Optical field confinement in a ridge waveguide nanostructure (“C” aperture) designed for ultrahigh-density recording was observed using an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscope. The aperture was fabricated on a commercial edge-emitting semiconductor laser as the light source. High-contrast near-field images at both 1× and 2× lock-in detection frequencies were obtained. The emission patterns are in agreement with theoretical simulation of such structures. A 90 nm×70 nm full width half maximum spot size was measured and is comparable to the ridge width of the aperture. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes

Fabrication and characterization of high-quality waveguide-mode resonant optical filters

P. S. Priambodo, T. A. Maldonado, and R. Magnusson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3248 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1618930 (3 pages) | Cited 46 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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Optical filters containing resonant waveguide gratings are designed and fabricated using low-loss, robust materials. The double-layer filters contain a silicon dioxide diffractive element on a hafnium dioxide waveguide deposited on a fused silica substrate. Noise-pattern formation is minimized by use of an antireflective absorption layer during holographic grating recording in photoresist. Subsequent fabrication steps include metallization, lift-off, and oxygen plasma etch to create a metal etch mask for final CF4 plasma etching of a surface-relief grating. Spectral characterization with a tunable laser shows that the resulting filter exhibits 90% efficiency, 1.2 nm linewidth, and low sidebands. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer

Bends and splitters for self-collimated beams in photonic crystals

Xiaofang Yu and Shanhui Fan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3251 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1621736 (3 pages) | Cited 96 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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We present finite-difference time-domain studies for self-collimated beams in photonic crystal structures. Using a pulse propagation technique that eliminates the interference from the boundary of finite photonic crystal structures, we show that the self-collimation phenomena can occur within a relatively wide bandwidth. We also demonstrate near-perfect operation efficiencies over wide frequency ranges in bends and splitters constructed by simply truncating the photonic crystal. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Ag Apertures, collimators
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays

Negative luminescence with 93% efficiency from midwave infrared HgCdTe diode arrays

W. W. Bewley, J. R. Lindle, I. Vurgaftman, J. R. Meyer, J. L. Johnson, M. L. Thomas, and W. E. Tennant

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3254 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1621454 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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We have investigated the negative luminescence (NL) properties of an array of HgCdTe photodiodes (λco = 4.6 μm at 295 K) as a function of temperature and wavelength. The internal NL efficiency of ≈ 93% at λ = 4.0 μm is nearly independent of temperature in the 240–300 K range, and at 296 K corresponds to an apparent temperature reduction of 54 K. This is obtained at a reverse-bias saturation current density of only 0.13 A/cm2 at 296 K, which is attributable in part to an array geometry that reduces the influence of macroscopic defects. These observed NL performance characteristics are compatible with most of the requirements for applications such as cold shielding. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors

Multiband subwavelength magnetic reflectors based on fractals

Lei Zhou, Weijia Wen, C. T. Chan, and Ping Sheng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3257 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1622122 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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We use theory and experiment to demonstrate that a composite material, consisting of a metallic planar fractal and a metal sheet separated by a thin dielectric layer, can reflect electromagnetic wave in-phase at a series of frequencies, with some of the corresponding wavelengths much longer than the reflector’s own size. We show that the physics is governed by a series of intrinsic magnetic resonances and can be well described by an effective-media of frequency-dependent permeability. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
05.45.Df Fractals

Rapid measurement of surface acoustic wave velocity on single crystals using an all-optical adaptive scanning acoustic microscope

Y. Hong, S. D. Sharples, M. Clark, and M. G. Somekh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3260 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1621091 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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An experimental method has been developed to measure the phase velocity of laser-generated and detected surface acoustic waves. An optical grating produced by a spatial light modulator was imaged onto the sample surface to generate the ultrasound whose frequency and wave front were controlled electrically by tailoring the grating. When the grating period matched the surface acoustic wavelength, strong excition of the surface wave was observed. Thus, the wavelength and, thereby, the phase velocity were determined. We present results with this method that allow the phase velocity and the angular dispersion of the generalized surface wave as well as the pseudosurface wave on the (100) nickel and (111) silicon single crystals to be measured, with the precision of approximately 0.2%. Those factors affecting the measurement precision are discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
68.37.Tj Acoustic force microscopy
43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques
42.79.Dj Gratings

Highly directive radiation from sources embedded inside photonic crystals

Irfan Bulu, Humeyra Caglayan, and Ekmel Ozbay

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3263 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1623010 (3 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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In this work, we have experimentally and theoretically studied the angular distribution of power emitted from a radiation source embedded inside a photonic crystal. Our results show that it is possible to obtain highly directive radiation sources operating at the band edge of the photonic crystal. Half power beam widths as small as 6° have been obtained. Our results also show that the angular distribution of power strongly depends on the frequency and on the size of the photonic crystal. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.72.-g Optical sources and standards
41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Experimental verification of backward-wave phenomenon by observation of reflection at angles larger than 90° in an anisotropic medium

Yi-Jun Jen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3266 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1622120 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 15 October 2003

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Calcite with its principal axes coordinates at an angle of φ = 45° from its surface normal is used here to observe the anomalous reflection at the calcite/air interface. Light is incident from the lateral side of the crystal to yield an angle of reflection larger than 90°. The reflected backward wave behavior is detected by observing the direction in which the light exits the crystal. Reflectance is calculated according to the nonsymmetric reflection theory. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
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