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10 Nov 2003

Volume 83, Issue 19, pp. 3855-4062

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3870 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1626004 (3 pages)

Soon-Hong Kwon, Han-Youl Ryu, Guk-Hyun Kim, Yong-Hee Lee, and Sung-Bock Kim
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Noncontact density measurements of tantalum and rhenium in the liquid and undercooled states

Paul-François Paradis, Takehiko Ishikawa, and Shinichi Yoda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4047 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1624475 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2003

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Electrostatic levitation together with multibeam heating and ultraviolet imaging overcame contamination, imaging, and sample position stability problems associated with handling of liquid tantalum and rhenium. Here, the density [ρ(T)] of these metals is reported in the superheated and undercooled states. Over the 2760–3580 K interval, the density of tantalum was measured as ρ(T) = 1.50×104−0.41(T−Tm) kg m−3, where the melting temperature Tm, was 3290 K. For rhenium, the density was determined (2700–3810 K) as ρ(T) = 1.84×104−0.91(T−Tm), with Tm = 3453 K. From these data, respective volume expansion coefficients of 2.7×10−5 and 4.9×10−5 K−1 were calculated. At Tm, the data agree well with the literature values. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
64.70.D- Solid-liquid transitions
65.20.-w Thermal properties of liquids

High-brightness, narrowband, and compact soft x-ray Cherenkov sources in the water window

W. Knulst, M. J. van der Wiel, O. J. Luiten, and J. Verhoeven

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4050 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1625999 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2003

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Narrowband, soft x-ray Cherenkov radiation at energies of 453 and 512 eV has been generated by 10 MeV electrons in, respectively, titanium and vanadium foils. The measured spectral and angular distribution of the radiation, and the measured total yield ( ≈ 10−4 photon per electron) are in agreement with theoretical predictions based on refractive index data. We show that the brightness that can be achieved using a small electron accelerator is sufficient for practical x-ray microscopy in the water-window spectral region. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
41.60.Bq Cherenkov radiation
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Dispersive properties of cylindrical Rayleigh waves

Xianmei Wu, Menglu Qian, and John H. Cantrell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4053 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1624466 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2003

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An analytical model of cylindrical Rayleigh waves generated by a laser source is developed that predicts a previously unknown maximum in the Rayleigh wave velocity. The maximum value CR max of the cylindrical Rayleigh wave velocity CR occurs at a critical small value of ωR/CR where ω is the angular frequency and R is the radius of the cylinder. CR max is smaller in magnitude than the longitudinal velocity but larger than the shear velocity in the material. Experimental data, generated by a cylindrically focused laser source, confirm the theoretical predictions for aluminum cylinders. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
78.20.hb Piezo-optical, elasto-optical, acousto-optical, and photoelastic effects

A micro methanol fuel cell operating at near room temperature

T. J. Yen, N. Fang, X. Zhang, G. Q. Lu, and C. Y. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4056 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1625429 (3 pages) | Cited 69 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2003

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We present a bipolar micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC) with high-power density and simple device structure. A proton exchange membrane-electrode assembly was integrated in a Si-based μDMFC with micro channels 750 μm wide and 400 μm deep, fabricated using silicon micromachining. The μDMFC has been characterized at near room temperature, showing a maximum power density of 47.2 mW/cm2 when 1 M methanol was fed at 60 °C. The cell voltage dependence on the current density agrees well with the modified Tafel model, in which regimes of kinetic polarization and ohmic polarization are observed without significant presence of the concentration polarization. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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82.47.Gh Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells

Small angle x-ray scattering for sub-100 nm pattern characterization

Ronald L. Jones, Tengjiao Hu, Eric K. Lin, Wen-Li Wu, Rainer Kolb, Diego M. Casa, Patrick J. Bolton, and George G. Barclay

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4059 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1622793 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2003

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Characterization of sub-100 nm photolithographic patterns with nanometer scale resolution is demonstrated using small angle x-ray scattering. The transmission scattering geometry employed potentially enables high throughput measurements for future technology nodes of the semiconductor industry, organic and inorganic nanoscale devices, and three-dimensional structures. The method is demonstrated through the characterization of a series of polymer photoresist gratings using a synchrotron x-ray source. Quantities, such as periodicity and line width, are extracted using minimal modeling. Additional quantities and the potential of a laboratory-based x-ray system are briefly discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.05.cf X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
78.70.Ck X-ray scattering
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
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