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14 Jul 2003

Volume 83, Issue 2, pp. 207-403

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 225 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1591241 (3 pages)

A. Borowiec, D. M. Bruce, Daniel T. Cassidy, and H. K. Haugen
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Analysis of transport properties of tetrahertz quantum cascade lasers

Hans Callebaut, Sushil Kumar, Benjamin S. Williams, Qing Hu, and John L. Reno

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 207 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1590749 (3 pages) | Cited 59 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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We present a self-consistent modeling of a 3.4-THz intersubband laser device. An ensemble Monte Carlo simulation, including both carrier–carrier and carrier-phonon scattering, is used to predict current density, population inversion, gain, and electron temperature. However, these two scattering mechanisms alone appear to be insufficient to explain the observed current density. In addition, the insufficient scattering yields a gain that is slightly higher than inferred from experiments. This suggests the presence of a non-negligible scattering mechanism which is unaccounted for in the present calculations. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
02.70.Uu Applications of Monte Carlo methods
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

Short-wavelength intersubband absorption in strain compensated InGaAs/AlAs quantum well structures grown on InP

N. Georgiev, T. Dekorsy, F. Eichhorn, M. Helm, M. P. Semtsiv, and W. T. Masselink

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 210 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592315 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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We have studied intersubband absorption in strain compensated InxGa1−xAs/AlAs/InyAl1−yAs multiple quantum wells and superlattices grown on InP. X-ray diffraction shows that the layers are pseudomorphically strained and exhibit slight compositional grading of the interfaces. Owing to the high AlAs barriers, the intersubband absorption can be tailored to wavelengths shorter than 2 μm. In some samples, a small, but non-negligible absorption is also observed with s-polarized light. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
78.67.De Quantum wells
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors

Ultraintense light filaments transmitted through clouds

François Courvoisier, Véronique Boutou, Jérôme Kasparian, Estelle Salmon, Guillaume Méjean, Jin Yu, and Jean-Pierre Wolf

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 213 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592615 (3 pages) | Cited 54 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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We demonstrate that ultrashort and ultraintense light filaments survive their interaction with water droplets as large as 95 μm and that they are transmitted through water clouds having an optical thickness as high as 3.2 (transmission 5%). In contrast with linear optics, this remarkable transmission through optically dense media results from a dynamic energy balance between the quasisolitonic structure and the surrounding laser photon bath, which acts as an energy reservoir. Implications for free-space laser communications, remote sensing, and telemetry are discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.68.Ge Effects of clouds and water; ice crystal phenomena
92.60.Nv Cloud physics and chemistry

Photonic bandpass filter for 1550 nm fabricated by femtosecond direct laser ablation

Ming Li, Kiyotaka Mori, Makoto Ishizuka, Xinbing Liu, Yoshimasa Sugimoto, Naoki Ikeda, and Kiyoshi Asakawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 216 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592619 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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A bandpass filter, based on the one-dimensional photonic band-gap crystal concept, was fabricated using an ultrafast laser. As predicted by theory, a high-transmission window appeared in the band gap. The photonic crystal operates in the 1550 nm region. A high machining accuracy of ∼ 15 nm was achieved during our investigation, which is the key for the operability of the photonic device. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.62.Cf Industrial applications

Radial distribution of attenuation in gamma-irradiated single-mode optical fibers

S. Girard, I. Trenteseaux, Y. Ouerdane, J.-P. Meunier, A. Boukenter, J.-L. Derep, and L. Thonnérieux

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 219 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1591250 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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In this letter, a method to determine the radial distribution of attenuation in single-mode optical fibers is proposed. This method is based on guided mode power and loss measurements for different fiber packaging. The most accurate radial attenuation distribution is calculated from experimental results. This approach allows localizing the absorbing or scattering defects along the radial cross section of fibers. As an example, a γ-irradiated germanosilicate fiber is studied at three different wavelengths. Through correlation with fiber chemical analysis, the contributions of each dopant to the permanent radiation-induced losses can be identified and quantified. At 980 nm, phosphorus-related color centers are the origin of induced losses, whereas for shorter wavelengths the influence of germanium-related color centers on fiber behavior becomes dominant. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
61.80.Ed γ-ray effects
61.82.Ms Insulators

Imaging of terahertz radiation using a Rydberg atom photocathode

A. Gürtler, A. S. Meijer, and W. J. van der Zande

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 222 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1591251 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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We report on a photocathode for far-infrared terahertz (THz) pulses based on ionization of gas-phase Rydberg atoms. We demonstrate the cathode by showing measurements of the beam profile of an unfocused THz beam in the far field of the emitter using an open ion optics and a contact print image of a spatial mask using THz pulse energies of less than 10 nJ. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Ha Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
41.85.-p Beam optics

Imaging the strain fields resulting from laser micromachining of semiconductors

A. Borowiec, D. M. Bruce, Daniel T. Cassidy, and H. K. Haugen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 225 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1591241 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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The residual strain fields resulting from laser micromachining of grooves in indium phosphide with femtosecond and nanosecond light pulses are analyzed using a spatially resolved degree-of-polarization photoluminescence technique. Significant differences in the geometry of the strain patterns are observed in grooves machined by femtosecond and nanosecond pulses. For the specific conditions investigated, the sign of the degree of polarization signal is opposite in the two cases indicating that areas under tension in femtosecond machined samples are under compression in nanosecond machined samples and visa versa. The experimental data are compared with results from a finite element model. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.20.Wk Machining, milling
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
42.62.Cf Industrial applications
02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors

Simultaneous cw red, yellow, and green light generation, “traffic signal lights,” by frequency doubling and sum-frequency mixing in an aperiodically poled LiTaO3

Jing-Liang He, Jun Liao, Hui Liu, Juan Du, Fei Xu, Hui-Tian Wang, S. N. Zhu, Y. Y. Zhu, and N. B. Ming

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 228 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592635 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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We demonstrate simultaneously efficient generation of cw red, yellow, and green coherent radiations, “traffic signal lights,” by multifrequency conversions from a diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 dual-wavelength laser with a single-pass aperiodically poled LiTaO3. The 1.8 mW red at 671 nm and 0.64 mW green at 532 nm are, respectively, generated by frequency doubling of fundamental waves at 1342 and 1064 nm, and 0.79 mW yellow at 593 nm is produced by sum-frequency mixing of the two fundamental waves, under two fundamental waves of 970 mW at 1342 nm and 940 mW at 1064 nm. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers

Photonic crystal waveguides with multiple 90° bends

Young-Geun Roh, Sungjoon Yoon, Sunghwan Kim, Heonsu Jeon, Seung-Ho Han, Q-Han Park, and Inkyu Park

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 231 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1591080 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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In order to emphasize and demonstrate the importance of light confinement in the vertical direction, an otherwise ordinary two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide structure operating at microwave frequencies was sandwiched between two metal plates. Such waveguides exhibited excellent guiding properties despite the existence of multiple 90° bends. From the experimental data, we have estimated that the propagation velocity of the waveguide is about 0.47 c, regardless of the number of bends, and that the bending loss is only 0.1 dB per bend. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers

Optical activity in subwavelength-period arrays of chiral metallic particles

Tuomas Vallius, Konstantins Jefimovs, Jari Turunen, Pasi Vahimaa, and Yuri Svirko

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 234 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592015 (3 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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We report on a chirality-induced polarization effect in a planar subwavelength metallic nanograting. We demonstrate that the grating rotates the polarization at normal incidence. Because of the fourfold rotation symmetry, the effect does not depend on the incident beam polarization, but resembles optical activity in isotropic media. We use rigorous diffraction theory to show that polarization effects in the zeroth diffraction order take place in the presence of waveguide resonances with subwavelength-period arrays of chiral metallic particles. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.25.Ja Polarization
78.20.Ek Optical activity
42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Tunable terahertz wave generation in the 3- to 7-THz region from GaP

T. Tanabe, K. Suto, J. Nishizawa, K. Saito, and T. Kimura

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 237 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592889 (3 pages) | Cited 79 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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Following the generation of tunable terahertz waves from GaP in the 0.5- to 3-THz region, we extended the frequency region up to 7 THz, using an optical parametric oscillator and a YAG laser (1.064 μm). The tuning angle θin increased superlinearly in the 3- to 7-THz region, so that the total reflection took place at 5 THz, which was avoided by rotating the crystal relative to the incident optic axis. As a result, terahertz output peak powers of 100 mW at up to 5.6 THz and 3 mW at 7 THz were obtained, at pump and signal energies of 3 mJ, respectively. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave sources
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology
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