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14 Jul 2003

Volume 83, Issue 2, pp. 207-403

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 225 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1591241 (3 pages)

A. Borowiec, D. M. Bruce, Daniel T. Cassidy, and H. K. Haugen
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Single-electron tunneling in InP nanowires

S. De Franceschi, J. A. van Dam, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, L. F. Feiner, L. Gurevich, and L. P. Kouwenhoven

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 344 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1590426 (3 pages) | Cited 63 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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We report on the fabrication and electrical characterization of field-effect devices based on wire-shaped InP crystals grown from Au catalyst particles by a vapor–liquid–solid process. Our InP wires are n-type doped with diameters in the 40–55-nm range and lengths of several micrometers. After being deposited on an oxidized Si substrate, wires are contacted individually via e-beam fabricated Ti/Al electrodes. We obtain contact resistances as low as ∼ 10 kΩ, with minor temperature dependence. The distance between the electrodes varies between 0.2 and 2 μm. The electron density in the wires is changed with a back gate. Low-temperature transport measurements show Coulomb-blockade behavior with single-electron charging energies of ∼ 1 meV. We also demonstrate energy quantization resulting from the confinement in the wire. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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73.63.Nm Quantum wires
73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential
73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling

Tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum nanoparticles prepared by vapor condensation

J.-J. Chiu, W.-S. Wang, C.-C. Kei, and T.-P. Perng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 347 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1591249 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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Tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (AlQ3) spherical nanoparticles of the average size varying from 50 to 500 nm were synthesized by vapor condensation. The surface of the nanoparticles is quite sleek and smooth like that of pearls. The x-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the nanoparticles have an amorphous structure. The chemical bonding of AlQ3 is preserved in the nanoparticles even after evaporation at 410 °C. The photoluminescence spectra of the nanoparticles show a broadened peak varying from 4500 to 7000 Å, with the maximum intensity at about 5380 Å. The maximum intensity increases as the particle size decreases, owing to the large specific surface area. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)

Formation and magnetic properties of Fe–Pt alloy clusters by plasma-gas condensation

D. L. Peng, T. Hihara, and K. Sumiyama

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 350 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592301 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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Size-monodispersed FexPt1−x alloy clusters were synthesized using a plasma-gas-condensation technique which employs two separate elemental sputtering sources and a growth chamber. The composition of the alloy clusters was controlled by adjusting the ratio of the applied sputtering power. We found that high-temperature disordered fcc–FexPt1−x clusters whose mean diameters of 6–9 nm depend on the Ar gas flow ratio were formed for a wide average composition range (x ≈ 0.3–0.7), and the lattice constant of as-doposited clusters increases almost linearly with decreasing x, being extrapolated to the value of pure Pt metal. For Fe49Pt51 cluster-assembled films, high coercivity (8.8 kOe) was obtained by annealing at 600 °C within 10 min due to improved chemical ordering, although as-deposited cluster-assembled films have lower blocking temperatures than room temperature, and show a small coercivity value ( ∼ 25 Oe) at room temperature due to intercluster magnetic interaction. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
81.15.Jj Ion and electron beam-assisted deposition; ion plating
75.50.Ww Permanent magnets
75.50.Vv High coercivity materials
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions
81.07.Wx Nanopowders

Kinetic surface segregation and the evolution of nanostructures

J. Tersoff

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 353 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592304 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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As nonplanar structures evolve via surface diffusion, the difference in diffusivity of the alloy components leads to kinetic surface segregation. This drastically affects the rate of shape evolution, and for nanoscale structures, also the final composition distribution. This is illustrated for a classic problem, the smoothing of a surface ripple. In contrast to the single-component case, alloy evolution is generally faster during growth than during annealing. Moreover, evolution at the nanoscale is generally faster than expected from extrapolation of macroscopic behavior. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
66.30.Pa Diffusion in nanoscale solids
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

Assembly of mm-scale macrobridges with carbon nanotube bundles

Anyuan Cao, P. M. Ajayan, and G. Ramanath

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 356 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1591245 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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We report a chemical vapor deposition method for in situ bridging of mm-scale metal-contact patterns with bundles of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The nanotube bundles synthesized from a hexane–ferrocene–thiophene mixture have a diameter of <50 μm and lengths up to millimeters, typically consisting of tens to hundreds of aligned nanotubes. These bundles are transported to the downstream end of the furnace, where they are captured by relief patterns of metal-contact tips. We can control the orientation and length of the nanotube bridges by preorganizing the metal tips to receive the bundles. This method is amenable to both scaling up, e.g., to create large-area arrays of nanotubes with contact electrodes, as well as scaling down, e.g., to bridge closely spaced contact structures. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.07.De Nanotubes
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices

Fabrication of wurtzite ZnS nanobelts via simple thermal evaporation

Quan Li and Chunrui Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 359 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1591999 (3 pages) | Cited 81 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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Mass production of uniform wurtzite-ZnS nanobelts is achieved by a simple thermal evaporation method using Au as the catalyst. The as-synthesized ZnS nanobelts are single crystalline, usually several tens of microns in length and several hundreds of nanometers in width. Most of the nanobelts grow along [01 math 0] direction. Stacking faults are commonly observed in these nanobelts. The room-temperature cathodoluminescence spectrum of such nanobelts reveals three peaks, which may be ascribed to surface states, defects, and impurity-induced emissions, and is consistent with the nanobelt microstructure. The growth mechanism of the nanobelts is discussed. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence

Magneto-optical characteristics of magnetic nanowire arrays in anodic aluminum oxide templates

Yong Peng, T.-H. Shen, Brian Ashworth, Xue-Gen Zhao, Chester A. Faunce, and Yan-Wei Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 362 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1590427 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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Nanocomposite films consisting of regularly ordered iron nanowires embedded in anodic aluminum oxide templates have been fabricated and their magneto-optical properties studied by determining the four Stokes parameters of the transmitted laser beam (λ=670 nm), originally linearly polarized and at normal incidence to the film surfaces. The results of the nanowire arrays are found to be considerably different from that of bulk iron. While an increase in diameter of the nanowire leads to a substantial increase in the values of the Faraday rotation angles per unit length at a fixed value of the magnetic fields, they are substantially less than that of bulk iron, indicating that the effective media theory may not be directly applicable. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)

Red electrophosphorescence devices based on rhenium complexes

Feng Li, Ming Zhang, Jing Feng, Gang Cheng, Zhijun Wu, Yuguang Ma, Shiyong Liu, Jiacong Sheng, and S. T. Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 365 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592633 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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Red electrophosphorescence from light-emitting devices based on two rhenium(I) diimine complexes, (4,4′-dimethyl formate-2,2′-bipyridine)Re(CO)3Cl (dmfbpy-Re) and (4,4′-dibutyl formate-2,2′-bipyridine)Re(CO)3Cl (dbufbpy-Re), is reported. N, N′-di-1-naphthyl-N, N′-diphenylbenzidine is used as the hole-transporting layer. 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bathocuproine is used to confine excitons within the luminescence zone. dmfbpy-Re and dbufbpy-Re are doped into the host materials (4,4′-N-N′-dicarbazole)biphenyl with mass ratios of 2%–20% as the light-emitting layer. Red emission from both complexes is achieved and the main peaks of both photoluminescence and electroluminescence are at about 610 nm. The turn-on voltage, maximum efficiency, and brightness for red emission achieved from the devices based on dmfbpy-Re and dbufbpy-Re are ∼ 5 V, 1.3 cd/A, and 582 cd/m2 and ∼ 4 V, 1.1 cd/A, and 739 cd/m2, respectively. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena

Coherent imaging of nanoscale plasmon patterns with a carbon nanotube optical probe

R. Hillenbrand, F. Keilmann, P. Hanarp, D. S. Sutherland, and J. Aizpurua

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 368 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592629 (3 pages) | Cited 69 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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We introduce a carbon nanotube as optical near-field probe and apply it to visualize the plasmon fields of metal nanostructures in both amplitude and phase at 30 nm resolution. With 91 nm Au disks designed for fundamental plasmon resonance, we observe the antiphase optical fields near two pole regions that are evidence of dipolar oscillation, in good agreement with theoretical field patterns. This opens the door to phase-sensitively map optical propagation and storage in photonic crystals and nanooptic resonators or circuits, in particular to verify coherent control of plasmon polaritons. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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73.22.Lp Collective excitations
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
68.37.Uv Near-field scanning microscopy and spectroscopy

Fabrication of oriented polymeric nanofibers on planar surfaces by electrospinning

Jun Kameoka and H. G. Craighead

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 371 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1592638 (3 pages) | Cited 61 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2003

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We present a method for the formation of oriented polymeric nanofibers using electrospinning deposition from an integrated microfluidic device. The source includes a microfabricated triangular shaped tip, integrated at the exit of a microfluidic channel to form a source that can be brought close to a counter electrode and scanned over surface features. Using the ability to orient the nanofiber deposition, we formed a 140 nm diameter suspended nanofiber over etched trenches on a silicon wafer, a configuration that allows for electrical and mechanical measurements of deposited nanofibers. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
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