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4 Aug 2003

Volume 83, Issue 5, pp. 817-1056

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 611 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1595724 (3 pages)

Chung-Chih Wu, Chieh-Wei Chen, and Ting-Yi Cho
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High-power Er:Yb fiber laser with very high numerical aperture pump-cladding waveguide

G. Bouwmans, R. M. Percival, W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 817 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1596378 (2 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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One watt of laser power at 1535 nm has been generated from an Er:Yb codoped double-clad fiber structure, in which the inner cladding was suspended in air by a large number of thin silica webs. The acceptance numerical aperture (NA) of the inner cladding has been measured over a range of wavelengths, for lengths from 1 up to 100 m. For fiber lengths of ∼ 40 m, the NA at the pump diode wavelength was 0.88. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing

Experimental investigation of single voxels for laser nanofabrication via two-photon photopolymerization

Hong-Bo Sun, Makoto Maeda, Kenji Takada, James W. M. Chon, Min Gu, and Satoshi Kawata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 819 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1598293 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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We report critical roles that are played by laser system parameters in two-photon laser nanofabrication, which are not significant in rapid prototyping at larger scale, including: (i) polarization-induced lateral deshaping of volume elements, voxels, the primitive building block of micronanostructures, and (ii) lateral size reduction of voxels at low numerical aperture lens focusing due to thresholding effect. Also interesting is (iii) simultaneous recording of zeroth- and higher-order diffraction patterns, which was not hindered by the two-order light intensity difference by taking the advantage of the large dynamic exposure time range of general resins, a concept that is proposed in contrast to dynamic power range. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.62.-b Laser applications
81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods
82.35.Np Nanoparticles in polymers
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
82.50.Pt Multiphoton processes
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics

Demonstration of finite-aperture tapered unstable resonator lasers

Robert Bedford, Marc Schillgalies, and Mahmoud Fallahi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 822 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1598292 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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In this letter, we report experimental results of semiconductor lasers that incorporate a mirror with finite lateral extent at the output of a semiconductor tapered laser in InAlGaAs/InGaAsP/InP. We directly compare the “finite-aperture” tapered unstable resonator laser to that of the conventional “infinite-aperture” tapered laser. Using the finite aperture, we show the differential quantum efficiency is increased by 40%. Additionally, the beam is coupled out of the laser cavity using a grating, allowing for a quasicircular, low-divergence beam with no external optics. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)

Fiber-coupled erbium microlasers on a chip

Lan Yang, D. K. Armani, and K. J. Vahala

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 825 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1598623 (2 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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An erbium-doped, toroid-shaped microlaser fabricated on a silicon chip is described and characterized. Erbium-doped sol-gel films are applied to the surface of a silica toroidal microresonator to create the microcavity lasers. Highly confined whispering gallery modes make possible single-mode and ultralow threshold microlasers. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
42.55.Wd Fiber lasers

Thermal bias operation in electro-optic polymer modulators

Suntak Park, Jung Jin Ju, Jung Yun Do, Seung Koo Park, and Myung-Hyun Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 827 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1596377 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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An electro-optic polymer Mach–Zender modulator based on thermal biasing is proposed and demonstrated. The bias point of the modulator is controlled through the thermo-optic effect. Biasing is achieved by thermally changing the optical path length of one arm of the Mach–Zender interferometer. Tuning of bias points is realized by applying an electrical power of only 14 mW. It is verified that this approach is stable and substantially dc-drift free. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
07.60.Ly Interferometers

Low-threshold lasing of InGaN vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with dielectric distributed Bragg reflectors

Takehiko Tawara, Hideki Gotoh, Tetsuya Akasaka, Naoki Kobayashi, and Tadashi Saitoh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 830 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1596728 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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Lasing action is achieved in InGaN vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with dielectric distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). We fabricated III-nitride VCSELs by removing a SiC substrate from a III-nitride cavity with a dry etching technique and then wafer bonding the cavity and SiO2/ZrO2 DBRs. These VCSELs have a high quality factor of 460 and a spontaneous emission factor of 10−2. We observed lasing at a wavelength of 401 nm at room temperature with optical pumping. This lasing action was demonstrated at a low threshold of 5.1 mJ/cm2 by using a high-quality crystalline cavity and quantum-well layers without surface roughening or cracking. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

Enhanced thermal stability of laser diodes with shape-engineered quantum dot medium

V. Tokranov, M. Yakimov, A. Katsnelson, M. Lamberti, and S. Oktyabrsky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 833 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1598645 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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Optical properties of the quantum dots (QDs) were optimized by shape engineering through the adjustment of the thickness of the GaAs overlayer prior to an additional heating step leading to QD truncation. QDs with a 6-nm-thick overlayer with the subsequent heating step were found to have the highest photoluminescence intensity at room temperature and the lowest luminescence bandwidth, 29 meV. 1.22 μm edge-emitting laser with a triple-layer truncated QD gain medium demonstrated room temperature threshold current density, 56 A/cm2, and saturated modal gain, 16 cm−1. An extremely high characteristic temperature for lasing threshold, T0 = 380 K up to 55 °C, and a maximum ground state lasing temperature of 219 °C were measured for these laser diodes. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
78.67.Hc Quantum dots

Surface plasmon resonance on microaperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with metal grating

Satoshi Shinada, Jiro Hashizume, and Fumio Koyama

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 836 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1597979 (3 pages) | Cited 40 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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We proposed a microaperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with metal grating for the enhancement of optical near-field induced by surface plasmon resonance. We carried out the two-dimensional modeling on the near-field intensity at a microaperture surrounded by a grating in a silver film. An increase in throughput through the microaperture was obtained by the control of a surface plasmon mode, which is strongly dependent on some structural parameters of the grating, such as the period and the depth of a grating, and so on. We also fabricated a microaperture VCSEL with concentric circular grating, exhibiting a large enhancement in peak intensity. The intensity is eight times larger than that of a single-aperture device without grating. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
42.79.Dj Gratings

Phase-coherent multicolor femtosecond pulse generation

Yohei Kobayashi, Hideyuki Takada, Masayuki Kakehata, and Kenji Torizuka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 839 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1598651 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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We achieved phase-coherent multicolor femtosecond pulse generation by optical phase locking among the pump and its subharmonic signal and idler pulses in an optical parametric oscillator. The ability for coherent superposition of the multicolor pulses is demonstrated in a time-domain measurement. Clear interferometric fringes between two sum-frequency pulses, corresponding to phase stability among the subharmonics, were observed with phase locking. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency

Synthesis and characterization of composition-spread (Sr,Ca)2CuO3 thin films with high third-order optical nonlinearity

M. Ohtani, T. Fukumura, H. Sakurada, J. Nishimura, M. Kawasaki, T. Makino, K. Yamamoto, and Y. Segawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 842 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1597411 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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The optical properties of composition-spread (SrxCa1−x)2CuO3(0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) films showing high third-order optical nonlinearity are systematically investigated. Desired orientations and high crystallinity are obtained for the entire composition x by employing a composition-spread [(Sr2TiO4)x(LaSrAlO4)1−x] buffer layer and a temperature-gradient method in order to compensate the change in lattice mismatch and growth temperature depending on x. Linear absorption spectra and third-harmonic intensity with an exciting wavelength of 1.56 μm are measured as a function of x. As the Cu–O bond length increases with x, the charge-transfer gap decreases and the third-harmonic intensity increases, and both the charge-transfer gap and third-harmonic intensity change almost linearly with x between Ca2CuO3 and Sr2CuO3. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability
78.66.Nk Insulators
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Frequency-doubled diode laser for ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy at 325 nm

Toni Laurila and Rolf Hernberg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 845 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1598285 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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A frequency-doubled tunable diode laser for absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet is described. The device is based on an external cavity diode laser with a transmission grating. Second-harmonic generation at 320–327 nm is carried out using a lithium iodate crystal. The measured single-pass cw ultraviolet power is 60 nW and the system has a 40-GHz continuous mode-hop-free tuning range in the ultraviolet. The laser was demonstrated by measuring the 324.75-nm 42S1/2–42P3/2 transition of copper at atmospheric pressure with a single continuous scan. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Continuously tunable and coherent terahertz radiation by means of phase-matched difference-frequency generation in zinc germanium phosphide

Wei Shi and Yujie J. Ding

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 848 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1596730 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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Continuously tunable and coherent radiation has been obtained in the ranges of 66.5–300 μm and 72.7–237 μm for two configurations of phase-matched difference-frequency generation, respectively, in zinc germanium phosphide. The highest output peak powers are measured to be 36 and 19 W for the two configurations, respectively. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave sources
42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Ultrafast nonlinear response of AlGaAs two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides

A. D. Bristow, J.-P. R. Wells, W. H. Fan, A. M. Fox, M. S. Skolnick, D. M. Whittaker, A. Tahraoui, T. F. Krauss, and J. S. Roberts

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 851 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1598647 (3 pages) | Cited 44 times

Online Publication Date: 30 July 2003

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We have used femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy to study the ultrafast nonlinear response of AlGaAs two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides in the near-infrared spectral region. The modulation of the reflectivity spectra due to the refractive index change produced by photogenerated carriers was measured. We observed an instantaneous pump-induced shift in the wavelength of a photonic resonance at 882 nm with a fast decay time of ≈8 ps. The magnitude of the reflectivity change was very large at wavelengths close to the photonic resonance, with a maximum value of ΔR/R>30% at 877 nm. These results confirm the excellent potential of photonic crystal waveguides in ultrafast nonlinear switching applications. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
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