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18 Aug 2003

Volume 83, Issue 7, pp. 1283-1488

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1462 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1601693 (3 pages)

X. Cartoixà, D. Z.-Y. Ting, and Y.-C. Chang
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Sensitive detection of plastic explosives with self-assembled monolayer-coated microcantilevers

L. A. Pinnaduwage, V. Boiadjiev, J. E. Hawk, and T. Thundat

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1471 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1602156 (3 pages) | Cited 68 times

Online Publication Date: 12 August 2003

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We report the detection of 10–30 parts-per-trillion levels of pentaerythritol tetranitrate and hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine within 20 s of exposure to a silicon microcantilever with its gold surface modified with a self-assembled monolayer of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid. These measurements correspond to a limit of detection of a few fg. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing

Temporal pulse manipulation and ion generation in ultrafast laser ablation of silicon

M. Spyridaki, E. Koudoumas, P. Tzanetakis, C. Fotakis, R. Stoian, A. Rosenfeld, and I. V. Hertel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1474 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1602579 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 12 August 2003

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The possibility of phase manipulation and temporal tailoring of ultrashort laser pulses provides new opportunities for optimal processing of materials. An experimental demonstration of the technique that shows the possibility to design excitation sequences tailored with respect to the material response is presented, laying the groundwork for adaptive optimization in material structuring. The technique is particularly suitable to generate controllable ion beams by ultrafast laser ablation. Silicon samples irradiated with multiple laser pulses separated by the phase-transformation time show increased ion emission efficiency with different energetic signatures correlated to a cleaner aspect of the laser-induced structures on the surface. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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79.20.Ds Laser-beam impact phenomena
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
81.65.-b Surface treatments
42.62.-b Laser applications

Pressure dependence of energetic (⩽160 keV) focused electron beams arising from heated or cooled (LiNbO3) pyroelectric crystals

James D. Brownridge and Stephen M. Shafroth

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1477 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1602154 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 12 August 2003

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An interesting effect, “gas amplification of electron energy” is reported here; namely when a cylindrical pyroelectric crystal such as (LiNbO3) is contained in a concentric cylindrical chamber and is heated and then allowed to cool in a dilute gas the maximum energy of the resultant focused electron beam more than doubles as the pressure increases from 0.05 to 4 mTorr for seven different gases. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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41.85.Lc Particle beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and quadrupoles
77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects

X-ray tomographic imaging of the complex refractive index

P. J. McMahon, A. G. Peele, D. Paterson, K. A. Nugent, A. Snigirev, T. Weitkamp, and C. Rau

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1480 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1602155 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 12 August 2003

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We present a quantitative three-dimensional reconstruction of the complex refractive index of boron clad tungsten fiber using 35 keV x rays. The reconstruction provides a quantitatively accurate measurement with a three-dimensional spatial resolution of approximately 2 μm. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Liquid-metal-jet anode electron-impact x-ray source

O. Hemberg, M. Otendal, and H. M. Hertz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1483 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1602157 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 12 August 2003

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We demonstrate an anode concept, based on a liquid-metal jet, for improved brightness in compact electron-impact x-ray sources. The source is demonstrated in a proof-of-principle experiment where a 50 keV, ∼100 W electron beam is focused on a 75 μm liquid-solder jet. The generated x-ray flux and brightness is quantitatively measured in the 7–50 keV spectral region and found to agree with theory. Compared to rotating-anode sources, whose brightness is limited by intrinsic thermal properties, the liquid-jet anode could potentially be scaled to achieve a brightness >100× higher than current state-of-the-art sources. Applications such as mammography, angiography, and diffraction would benefit from such a compact high-brightness source. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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07.85.Fv X- and γ-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors

Pumping based on transverse electrokinetic effects

Irina Gitlin, Abraham D. Stroock, George M. Whitesides, and Armand Ajdari

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1486 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1602560 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 12 August 2003

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This work presents a strategy for microfluidic pumping based on transverse electro-osmotic flow in a channel with topographical features on one wall. In this channel, flow along the long axis is generated by an electric field applied across the channel. The pump operates at low (5–10 V) voltage and achieves pumping speeds up to ∼ 100 μm/s in submillimeter channels. The pump is straightforward to fabricate, contains no moving parts, and provides local control of the direction and strength of pumping. The performance of the pump scales favorably with decreasing size of a microchannel. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
47.65.-d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics
47.85.Np Fluidics
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