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25 Aug 2003

Volume 83, Issue 8, pp. 1497-1679

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1671 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1604161 (3 pages)

Wenyi Cai, Christopher F. Powell, Yong Yue, Suresh Narayanan, Jin Wang, Mark W. Tate, Matthew J. Renzi, Alper Ercan, Ernest Fontes, and Sol M. Gruner
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Electrostatic method to accelerate nanoshells to extreme hypervelocity

Zhehui Wang and J. L. Kline

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1662 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1602582 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 19 August 2003

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Using an acceleration voltage of less than a few hundred kilovolts, it is unlikely that a charged solid object larger than a few micron (10−6 m) in all three dimensions can be accelerated to more than 10 km/s. Quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) objects are unique forms of matter with two macroscopic dimensions, while the third approaches atomic dimensions. Well-known examples of Q2D objects are thin films. Another example of a Q2D object will be a sphere with a nm thick shell (nanoshell). In this letter, it is predicted that nanoshells can be accelerated to 100 km/s (extreme hypervelocity, or EHV) and above using the electrostatic method. The maximum velocity is limited by field emission and material strength. The two limits only allow a certain number of charges on a nanoshell before it starts to emit ions or electrons, or to break. “Table-top” EHV nanoshell beams can be used for high-temperature plasma diagnostics and fueling. EHV nanoshells can also be used to study hypervelocity-impact phenomena in a momentum space not accessible in the past. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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29.20.-c Accelerators

Electronic stopping of He, B, N, and Al in SiC

Y. Zhang and W. J. Weber

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1665 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1604473 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 19 August 2003

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Silicon carbide (SiC) is a wide-band-gap semiconductor that has attracted extensive investigations for a wide range of device applications. Accurate values of stopping powers in SiC, especially for B, N, and Al ions as dopants and for He ions used in ion-beam analysis applications, are highly desirable. In the present study, the electronic energy loss of these ions in a self-supported SiC film is directly measured in transmission geometry using a time-of-flight detection system over a continuous range of energies. The measured electronic stopping powers are parameterized, for easy implementation in other applications, and compared with the predictions of the stopping and range of ions in matter code. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)

Microstructures of poly (ethylene glycol) by molding and dewetting

Kahp Y. Suh and Robert Langer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1668 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1604186 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 19 August 2003

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We report on the fabrication of microstructures of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) using a soft molding technique. When a patterned poly (dimethylsiloxane) stamp is placed on a wet PEG film, the polymer in contact with the stamp spontaneously moves into the void space as a result of capillary action. Three types of microstructures are observed with the substrate surface completely exposed: a negative replica of the stamp, a two-dimensional projection of the simple cubic structure, and a two-dimensional projection of the diamond structure. A molding process is responsible for the first type and a dewetting process for the final two. A phase diagram is constructed based on the effects of molecular weight and concentration, which shows that mobility and confinement play a crucial role in determining the particular type of microstructure obtained. The PEG microstructure could be used as a lithographic resist in fabricating electronic devices and a resistant layer for preventing nonspecific adsorption of proteins or cells. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
61.25.H- Macromolecular and polymers solutions; polymer melts
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
68.08.Bc Wetting
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer

Quantitative analysis of highly transient fuel sprays by time-resolved x-radiography

Wenyi Cai, Christopher F. Powell, Yong Yue, Suresh Narayanan, Jin Wang, Mark W. Tate, Matthew J. Renzi, Alper Ercan, Ernest Fontes, and Sol M. Gruner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1671 (2003); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1604161 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 19 August 2003

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Microsecond time-resolved synchrotron x-radiography has been used to elucidate the structure and dynamics of optically turbid, multiphase, direct-injection gasoline fuel sprays. The combination of an ultrafast x-ray framing detector and tomographic analysis allowed three-dimensional reconstruction of the dynamics of the entire 1-ms-long injection cycle. Striking, detailed features were observed, including complex traveling density waves, and unexpected axially asymmetric flows. These results will facilitate realistic computational fluid dynamic simulations of high-pressure sprays and combustion. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows
82.40.Ck Pattern formation in reactions with diffusion, flow and heat transfer
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
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