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22 Mar 2004

Volume 84, Issue 12, pp. 2013-2211

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2100 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1688997 (3 pages)

P. Sutter, E. Sutter, and T. R. Ohno
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Time reversal three-dimensional imaging using single-cycle terahertz pulses

T. Buma and T. B. Norris

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2196 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686896 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2004

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We demonstrate three-dimensional imaging using single-cycle terahertz electromagnetic pulses. Reflection-mode imaging is performed with a photoconductive transmitter and receiver and a reconstruction algorithm based on time reversal. A two-dimensional array is synthesized from ten concentric ring annular arrays with numerical apertures ranging from 0.27 to 0.43. The system clearly distinguishes image planes separated by 1.5 mm and achieves a −6 dB lateral resolution of 1.1 mm. In terms of the illuminating terahertz power spectrum, the lateral resolution is 38% and 81% of the peak and mean wavelengths, respectively. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors

Nondestructive three-dimensional elemental microanalysis by combined helical x-ray microtomographies

Bruno Golosio, Andrea Somogyi, Alexandre Simionovici, Pierre Bleuet, Jean Susini, and Laurence Lemelle

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2199 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686892 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2004

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A nondestructive x-ray technique combining simultaneous transmission, fluorescence, and Compton microtomography has been developed. Simultaneous three-dimensional structural information and three-dimensional internal elemental composition maps down to trace concentration levels have been obtained by a helical scan of the sample through an x-ray microbeam. With this method quantitative three-dimensional chemical distributions can be obtained at (sub)micrometric resolution in a nondestructive and noninvasive way, opening unique possibilities for the microanalysis of rare and fragile samples from several research fields. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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81.70.Fy Nondestructive testing: optical methods
81.70.Tx Computed tomography
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
78.70.Ck X-ray scattering

Sonic boom in soft materials: The elastic Cerenkov effect

Jeremy Bercoff, Mickaël Tanter, and Mathias Fink

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2202 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1667613 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2004

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We report an experimental evidence of an elastic sonic boom in soft materials. Our approach is based on the ultrasonic remote generation, inside soft media, of a supersonic moving source radiating shear waves in a Mach cone. In analogy with the Cerenkov electromagnetic radiation emitted by a beam of charged particles moving at a speed greater than the speed of light, an intense shear wave is radiated in soft materials. Such Mach waves are sensitive to medium elasticity inhomogeneities and are of great interest for ultrasound-based medical imaging applications. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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43.28.Mw Shock and blast waves, sonic boom
87.63.D- Ultrasonography
62.20.D- Elasticity

Electrical conductivity of hollow polyaniline microspheres synthesized by a self-assembly method

Yunze Long, Zhaojia Chen, Yongjun Ma, Ze Zhang, Aizi Jin, Changzhi Gu, Lijuan Zhang, Zhixiang Wei, and Meixiang Wan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2205 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1688998 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2004

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In this letter, we report the electrical properties of hollow polyaniline (PANI) microspheres. β-naphthalene sulfonic acid (NSA) and salicylic acid (SA) doped PANI microspheres were synthesized by a self-assembly method. The room-temperature conductivity is 8.6×10−2 S/cm for PANI–NSA microspheres (0.8–2 μm in outer diameter) and 5.6×10−4 S/cm for PANI–SA microspheres (3–7 μm in outer diameter). The conductivity of an individual PANI–SA microsphere is measured directly by a two-probe technique, about 8×10−2 S/cm (which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of a PANI–SA microsphere’s pellet). The measurements of conductivity, I–V curve, and magnetoresistance demonstrate that the electrical properties of PANI microspheres are dominated by the intersphere contacts due to the sample’s microscopic inhomogeneity. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
72.80.Le Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors)
72.20.My Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
81.16.Dn Self-assembly

A miniature x-ray tube

A. Haga, S. Senda, Y. Sakai, Y. Mizuta, S. Kita, and F. Okuyama

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2208 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1689757 (3 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 16 March 2004

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Show Abstract
A miniature x-ray tube is described. The tube is made of Kovar, inside which a grounded target is located close to a field-electron emitter consisting of aligned carbon nanofibers, which continues to work for around 100 h in the 10−6 Pa region unless arcing is induced between the electrodes. The resolution of the contact x-ray images provided by the tube would be impossible using the existing techniques of conventional x-ray radiography, whether the sample is biological or nonbiological. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
84.47.+w Vacuum tubes
85.45.Bz Vacuum microelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling
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