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5 Apr 2004

Volume 84, Issue 14, pp. 2473-2706

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2244 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1690471 (3 pages)

David R. Smith, David Schurig, Jack J. Mock, Pavel Kolinko, and Patrick Rye
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Stable differential phase shift quantum key distribution with a key creation efficiency of 3/4

Xiuliang Chen, Chunyuan Zhou, Guang Wu, and Heping Zeng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2691 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1690494 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 1 April 2004

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In this letter, we demonstrate that a high key creation efficiency can be achieved in a stable differential phase shift quantum key distribution system by using three cascaded Mach–Zehnder interferometers. A pulse is split into four independent pulses, and the bit information is carried by one of the three phase differences between the sequential pulses. Any birefringence effects and polarization-dependent losses in the long-distance fiber are automatically compensated with a Faraday mirror. Due to the neatly use of three cascaded interferometers, the key creation efficiency reaches 3/4. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography and communication security
07.60.Ly Interferometers
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers

Microfabricated alkali atom vapor cells

Li-Anne Liew, Svenja Knappe, John Moreland, Hugh Robinson, Leo Hollberg, and John Kitching

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2694 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1691490 (3 pages) | Cited 52 times

Online Publication Date: 1 April 2004

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We describe the fabrication of chip-sized alkali atom vapor cells using silicon micromachining and anodic bonding technology. Such cells may find use in highly miniaturized atomic frequency references or magnetometers. The cells consist of cavities etched in silicon, with internal volumes as small as 1 mm3. Two techniques for introducing cesium and a buffer gas into the cells are described: one based on chemical reaction between cesium chloride and barium azide, and the other based on direct injection of elemental cesium within a controlled anaerobic environment. Cesium optical absorption and coherent population trapping resonances were measured in the cells.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
78.66.Db Elemental semiconductors and insulators

True molecular resolution in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy with high-resolution probes

Dmitry Klinov and Sergei Magonov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2697 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1697629 (3 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 1 April 2004

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True molecular resolution was demonstrated in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy study of polydiacetylene crystal using carbon probes with an extremity of ∼1 nm. Images of the bc plane of the crystal, which were obtained at ambient conditions, reproduce the crystallographic molecular arrangement. The image features directly correspond to the edges of the individual side groups of the polymer chains, which form the crystal surface. In the consecutive images, the molecular-size defects have been observed on this surface as an additional proof of the true molecular resolution achieved with the probes. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
68.37.Tj Acoustic force microscopy
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Thin-film heterostructure solid oxide fuel cells

X. Chen, N. J. Wu, L. Smith, and A. Ignatiev

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2700 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1697623 (3 pages) | Cited 47 times

Online Publication Date: 1 April 2004

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A micro thin-film solid oxide fuel cell (TFSOFC) has been designed based on thin-film deposition and microlithographic processes. The TFSOFC is composed of a thin-film electrolyte grown on a nickel foil substrate and a thin-film cathode deposited on the electrolyte. The Ni foil substrate is then processed into a porous anode by photolithographic patterning and etching to develop pores for gas transport into the fuel cell. A La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSCO) thin-film cathode is then deposited on the electrolyte, and a porous NiO–YSZ cermet layer is added to the anode to improve the electrode performance. The TFSOFC has stably operated in a temperature ranges as low as 480–570 °C, significantly lower than bulk SOFC’s, and has yielded a maximum output power density of ∼ 110 mW/cm2 in that temperature range. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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82.47.Ed Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
81.05.Mh Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites
81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials
82.45.Gj Electrolytes
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer

Near-field three-dimensional coherent imaging: Theory and simulations

Seth D. Silverstein and Yibin Zheng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2703 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1695628 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 1 April 2004

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This work presents a rigorous mathematical derivation of an effective approximate solution to the three-dimensional inverse scattering/imaging problem that is applicable for all imaging zones ranging from the near to the far field. Simulation results for the point spread function illustrate the range and cross-range resolution as a function of the optical f number. The model system operates in a synthetic aperture type mode, where the coherent signals are transmitted, and the scattered signals are subsequently received at individual transmitters and receivers. Potential applications of this technology include: Medical ultrasound, foliage penetrating synthetic aperture radar, ground penetrating radar for land mine detection, and electromagnetic millimeter-wave scanning for concealed weapon detection. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.30.Va Image forming and processing
42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions
02.30.Zz Inverse problems
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