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14 Jun 2004

Volume 84, Issue 24, pp. 4839-5046

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4409 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1757648 (3 pages)

Azita Soleymani, Piroz Zamankhan, and William Polashenski
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Giant optical rectification effect in nanocarbon films

G. M. Mikheev, R. G. Zonov, A. N. Obraztsov, and Yu. P. Svirko

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4854 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1760884 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 25 May 2004

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We present observations of the optical rectification effect in the nanocarbon film, which is excited by nanosecond pulses of a Nd:YAG laser in the absence of an external electric field. Effective second order susceptibility of the film material is found to be 10−6 CGSE, which is higher than that of conventional noncentrosymmetric crystals. The measured ratio of the dc voltage to the laser power is 500 and 650 mV/MW at the wavelengths of 1064 and 532 nm, respectively. This makes the nanocarbon materials a promising alternative to conventional semiconductor-based terahertz radiation sources. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability
72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials

Enhanced stability of the second-order optical nonlinearity in poled glasses

Olivier Deparis, Costantino Corbari, Peter G. Kazansky, and Koichi Sakaguchi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4857 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1760885 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 25 May 2004

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Glasses in a wide range of chemical composition were thermally poled and the stability of the second-order optical nonlinearity induced was studied through isothermal annealing experiments. Enhanced stability was found in aluminosilicate and aluminoborosilicate with respect to silica (at least a five order of magnitude increase in lifetime). Such dramatic enhancement was explained by the strong decrease of the alkali ion mobility due to specific changes in glass composition. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz
42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability

Optical in-well pumping of a vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser

Marc Schmid, Sarah Benchabane, Firuz Torabi-Goudarzi, Richard Abram, Allister I. Ferguson, and Erling Riis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4860 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1760887 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 25 May 2004

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A scheme is demonstrated for optical pumping of a vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser. The scheme is based on absorption of the pump light within the wells of the multiple-quantum-well gain structure rather than the conventional approach of absorption of a shorter wavelength in the barrier regions. The operation of a laser around 850 nm pumped by an 808 nm source demonstrates the potential of this technique for allowing operation at a significantly shorter range of wavelengths for these devices in general and specific application of high-brightness pump lasers for devices in this spectral region. A further advantage is the smaller quantum defect which results in reduced heating of the gain medium. These advantages are achieved while maintaining a slope efficiency of up to 18%, which is comparable to results obtained with a traditional pumping scheme with a similar gain medium. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)

Quasiperiodic photonic crystal microcavity lasers

Kengo Nozaki and Toshihiko Baba

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4875 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1762705 (3 pages) | Cited 38 times

Online Publication Date: 25 May 2004

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We fabricated a 12-fold symmetric quasiperiodic photonic crystal (QPC) point defect laser, and obtained the lasing action at room temperature. When photopumping a seven-hole-missing defect or a uniform QPC part, the lasing occurred by different modes. The finite-difference time-domain analysis showed that the defect mode is a whispering gallery mode, which is confined by the photonic gap or the boundary reflection. It also indicated that the defect-free mode is an extended but partly localized mode, which cannot be seen in photonic crystals. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors

Imaging Joule heating in a conjugated-polymer light-emitting diode using a scanning thermal microscope

F. A. Boroumand, M. Voigt, D. G. Lidzey, A. Hammiche, and G. Hill

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4890 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1762988 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 25 May 2004

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We have used a scanning thermal microscope to image Joule heating in a conjugated-polymer light-emitting diode (LED). Our LEDs had an active diameter of 100 μm, which was defined using an insulating layer of silicon nitride patterned onto the LED anode. At an average power input of 0.2 mW into the LED, we find that the center of the cathode is some 0.2 K warmer than its periphery. The observed temperature distribution across the pixel is slightly asymmetric, an effect which may be correlated with spatial inhomogeneity in the local current density across the device. We present a finite element analysis thermal model which is able to accurately describe the observed temperature distribution across the LED cathode. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices

Light amplification by dye-doped holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals

D. E. Lucchetta, L. Criante, O. Francescangeli, and F. Simoni

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4893 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1762989 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 25 May 2004

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In this letter we report a “one-step” fabrication technique of an optical active organic photonic band gap (PBG) structure allowing the onset of the amplification spontaneous emission effect and narrowing of the corresponding band. This result has been achieved through the addition of the dye rhodamine 6G to a standard holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal pre-polymer mixture. The effects of the dye addition on the optical properties of the polymerized PBG structure have been analyzed. The spectra emitted by this optically active periodic structure have been studied as a function of the excitation energy. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Analysis of optical emission from high-aluminum AlGaN quantum-well structures

S. Wieczorek, W. W. Chow, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, A. A. Allerman, and M. H. Crawford

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4899 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1763211 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 25 May 2004

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The letter presents theoretical analysis of spontaneous emission in AlGaN wurtzite quantum wells. It is found that the combined effects of strain, internal electric field, and many-body Coulomb interactions lead to a significant dependence of optical properties on quantum-well configuration. In particular, the effects of the internal electric field are mitigated for certain Al concentration in the quantum well. Calculations of the emitted photon energy show good agreement with experimental measurements. Presented results are of interest for applications such as ultraviolet light-emitting diodes and lasers. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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78.67.De Quantum wells
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors

High power polymer dye laser with improved stability

I. G. Kytina, V. G. Kytin, and K. Lips

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4902 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1763218 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 25 May 2004

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A polymer dye laser was developed suitable for high-power and high-repetition-rate pump lasers. A maximum output power of the dye laser of 1.5 W was achieved. The output power of the polymer gain medium is demonstrated to be absolutely stable for 4 h within 3% accuracy in a cyclic operation mode with a duty cycle of 83%. The enhanced stability of the gain medium stems from a partial recovery of photodegradation due to the dissociation of intermediate chemically active products which are detected with electron spin resonance and are shown to be produced much faster at elevated temperature. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.55.Mv Dye lasers

All-pass transmission or flattop reflection filters using a single photonic crystal slab

Wonjoo Suh and Shanhui Fan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4905 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1763221 (3 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 25 May 2004

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We show that a single photonic crystal slab can function either as optical all-pass transmission or flattop reflection filter for normally incident light. Both filter functions are synthesized by designing the spectral properties of guided resonance in the slab. The structure is extremely compact along the vertical direction. We expect this device to be useful for optical communication systems. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Large second-harmonic signal in thermally poled lead glass-silica waveguides

Y. Luo, A. Biswas, A. Frauenglass, and S. R. J. Brueck

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4935 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1760213 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 28 May 2004

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Thermal poling of silica-lead glass-silica waveguides formed by laser ablation of lead glass and e-beam evaporation of the silica cladding is reported. A large nonlinearity localized within the Pb-glass layer was found by scanning the probe laser beam across an angle-polished sample, and a peak second-order nonlinear susceptibility χ(2) as high as 15 pm/V was achieved in the Pb-glass layer. A simple theoretical model based on charge transport in the different materials during poling is proposed to explain complex χ(2) profile. The large third-order nonlinearity of lead glass plays a key role in the generation of the large second-harmonic signal. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
52.38.Mf Laser ablation
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides

Strong red emission in heterojunctions of conjugated polymer blends

Zong-Long Li, Hsin-Fei Meng, Sheng-Fu Horng, Chain-Shu Hsu, Lai-Cheng Chen, and Shu-Mei Chang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4944 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1760599 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 28 May 2004

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We demonstrate strong red electroluminescence in bilayer polymer light-emitting diodes with poly(3-hexylthiophene) and polyfluorene copolymers. The emission spectrum of the diode, peaked at 612 nm, is different from either of the two polymer layers, and is attributed to the exciplex state existing only at the heterojunction. The efficiency of this junction emission is very high for red polymer light-emitting diodes. Peak luminance of 3500 cd/m2 with yield 1.3 cd/A is achieved. The emission color can be made more saturated by blending red-emitting polymers into the polyfluorene to eliminate the small residual green emission. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence

Phase-matched third-harmonic generation from nematic liquid crystals

Jun-ichi Kosugi and Kotaro Kajikawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 5013 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1763220 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 28 May 2004

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The type-II phase-matching condition of the direct third-harmonic generation originated from third-order nonlinearity (3ω = ω+ω+ω) is performed in nematic liquid crystals with a fundamental light at 1064 nm. Since the phase-matching condition can be achieved in normal incidence of the fundamental light, the walk-off angle is zero. Thus, the interaction length is equal to the thickness of the liquid crystal film. Although the conversion efficiency in the present system is still low, 9.1×10−8, it will become 10−2 as discussed in this letter. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability
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