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12 Jan 2004

Volume 84, Issue 2, pp. 161-308

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 161 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1639505 (3 pages)

Hatice Altug and Jelena Vučković
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Two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal resonator arrays

Hatice Altug and Jelena Vučković

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 161 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1639505 (3 pages) | Cited 40 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2004

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We present the design and fabrication of photonic crystal structures exhibiting electromagnetic bands that are flattened in all crystal directions, i.e., whose frequency variation with a wave vector is minimized. Such bands can be used to reduce group velocity of light propagating in an arbitrary crystal direction, which is of importance for the construction of miniaturized tunable optical delay components and low-threshold photonic crystal lasers, and the study of nonlinear optics phenomena. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
85.60.Bt Optoelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling

Tuning quantum-cascade lasers by postgrowth rapid thermal processing

S. Anders, W. Schrenk, T. Roch, C. Pflügl, and G. Strasser

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 164 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1640463 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2004

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We report on postgrowth heat treatment of quantum-cascade lasers. Intermixing of the atoms at the barrier–well interfaces in the temperature range between 850 and 875 °C shifts the energy levels and thus the gain of the structure. The achieved emission wavelength shift is from 10.3 to 11.9 μm. X-ray rocking curves confirm Al–Ga interdiffusion at the interfaces. A fit to the data yields interface widths of 1–2 nm. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments

High-efficiency tandem organic light-emitting diodes

L. S. Liao, K. P. Klubek, and C. W. Tang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 167 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1638624 (3 pages) | Cited 151 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2004

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Tandem organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), with multiple electroluminescent (EL) units connected electrically in series, have been fabricated. Using an optically transparent doped organic p-n junction as the connecting unit between adjacent EL units, excellent light out-coupling and carrier-injection properties have been realized. The luminous efficiency is found to scale almost linearly with the number of EL units in the stack, giving values as high as 32 or 136 cd/A for a three-unit tandem OLED using a fluorescent or a phosphorescent emitter, respectively. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
73.61.Ng Insulators
61.72.S- Impurities in crystals

Second-harmonic efficiency of ZnO nanolayers

Uwe Neumann, Ruediger Grunwald, Uwe Griebner, Günter Steinmeyer, and Wolfgang Seeber

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 170 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1639939 (3 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2004

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Pure and doped nanocrystalline ZnO films of 0.1–1.0 μm thickness were prepared by spray pyrolysis techniques. Structural properties of these thin films were investigated by electron microscopy, force microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, ellipsometry, and optical spectroscopy. Using Ti:sapphire laser pulses, the second-harmonic efficiency of the films was measured. A correlation between measured efficiency and the grain shape in the polycrystalline layers is reported. Moreover, measurements of the angular dependence of the second-harmonic intensity are indicative of the dominant role of bulk effects over surface effects for the second-harmonic generation in such films. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Ultraviolet detection with ultrathin ZnO epitaxial films treated with oxygen plasma

Mingjiao Liu and Hong Koo Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 173 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1640468 (3 pages) | Cited 52 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2004

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We have investigated the effects of oxygen plasma treatment on the UV detection properties of ultrathin ( ∼ 20-nm-thick) ZnO epitaxial films. Highly epitaxial ZnO films grown on sapphire were exposed to oxygen-radical-rich, inductively coupled plasma, and then their UV detection properties were characterized at 325 nm wavelength using a photoconductor structure. The oxygen plasma treatment is found to dramatically enhance the UV detection properties of ZnO, reducing the decay time constant (to below 50 μs) and increasing the on/off ratio of photocurrent (to over 1000) with high UV responsivity (1–10 A/W). This result, in conjunction with the microstructural and electrical characterization results, indicates that the plasma treatment efficiently suppresses the chemisorption sites (primarily the oxygen deficiency sites) on surface and also the oxygen vacancies in ZnO, therefore results in major reduction of the chemisorption effects and the dark current, respectively. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
81.40.Tv Optical and dielectric properties related to treatment conditions
52.77.-j Plasma applications

Er3+–Yb3+ codoped polymeric optical waveguide amplifiers

W. H. Wong, E. Y. B. Pun, and K. S. Chan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 176 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1640469 (3 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2004

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Codoping of erbium (Er3+) and ytterbium (Yb3+) rare-earth ions in polymer was studied for optical amplifier applications. The absorption spectrum confirms that the presence of Yb3+ ions enhances the absorption efficiency of Er3+ ions. Typical Er3+ luminescence at ∼1540 nm wavelength was observed, and the full width at half maximum bandwidth is ∼47 nm wide. Multimode Er3+–Yb3+ codoped polymeric channel waveguides were fabricated using electron beam direct writing. With an input signal power of <−18 dB m, an optical gain of 13 dB at a wavelength of 1533 nm was measured in an 18 mm long multimode channel waveguide. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
61.72.up Other materials
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays

Diode laser coupled to an atomic line by incoherent optical negative feedback

A. F. A. da Rocha, P. C. S. Segundo, M. Chevrollier, and M. Oriá

Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 179 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1639502 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 7 January 2004

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We report on experiments using optical negative feedback with orthogonal polarization to control the emission frequency of single-mode AsAlGa diode lasers. We obtain linewidth reduction and absolute frequency stabilization by injecting into the semiconductor laser a beam whose intensity is controlled by a Cs–D2 absorption line shape. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
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