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27 Sep 2004

Volume 85, Issue 13, pp. 2451-2664

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2619 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1802384 (3 pages)

R. Basu, N. P. Guisinger, M. E. Greene, and M. C. Hersam
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Systematic study of polarized electron emission from strained GaAs∕GaAsP superlattice photocathodes

T. Maruyama, D.-A. Luh, A. Brachmann, J. E. Clendenin, E. L. Garwin, S. Harvey, J. Jiang, R. E. Kirby, C. Y. Prescott, R. Prepost, and A. M. Moy

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2640 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1795358 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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Spin-polarized electron photoemission has been studied for GaAs∕GaAs1−xPx strained superlattice cathodes grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The superlattice structural parameters are systematically varied to optimize the photoemission characteristics. The heavy-hole and light-hole transitions are reproducibly observed in quantum efficiency spectra, enabling direct measurement of the band energies and the energy splitting. Electron-spin polarization as high as 86% with over 1% quantum efficiency has been observed.
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85.60.Ha Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
79.60.Bm Clean metal, semiconductor, and insulator surfaces
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
72.25.Dc Spin polarized transport in semiconductors
68.65.Cd Superlattices
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology

Solventless ordering of colloidal particles through application of patterned elastomeric stamps under pressure

Kahp Y. Suh, Hyunsik Yoon, Hong H. Lee, Ali Khademhosseini, and Robert Langer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2643 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1795362 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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We report on an ordering phenomenon of polystyrene beads that occurs when pressure is applied to the colloidal particles between a solid substrate and a patterned elastomeric stamp while maintaining the temperature above the particle’s glass transition temperature. The filling time is calculated using a simple two-dimensional squeeze flow theory, which successfully explains the effects of pressure, temperature, size of beads, and stamp geometries on the ordering time.
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82.70.Dd Colloids
81.40.Vw Pressure treatment

Enhancement of local electric field in an electrorheological system

H. Jie, M. Shen, J. Xu, W. X. Chen, Y. Jin, W. N. Peng, X. B. Fu, and L. W. Zhou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2646 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1792801 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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A local electric field distribution in the midplane between two spherical metal particles under an applied electric field is measured for comparison with the real electrorheological system. It was found that the ratio of the maximum value of local electric field to applied electric field is not a constant as most theoretical models predicted.
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83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological fluids
83.60.Np Effects of electric and magnetic fields
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
83.10.Pp Particle dynamics

Formation of monodisperse bubbles in a microfluidic flow-focusing device

Piotr Garstecki, Irina Gitlin, Willow DiLuzio, George M. Whitesides, Eugenia Kumacheva, and Howard A. Stone

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2649 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1796526 (3 pages) | Cited 192 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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This letter describes a method for generating monodisperse gaseous bubbles in a microfluidic flow-focusing device. The bubbles can be obtained in a range of diameters from 10 to 1000 μm. The volume Vb of the bubbles scales with the flow rate q and the viscosity μ of the liquid, and the pressure p of the gas stream as Vb∝p∕qμ. This method allows simultaneous, independent control of the size of the individual bubbles and volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Under appropriate conditions, bubbles self-assemble into highly ordered, flowing lattices. Structures of these lattices can be adjusted dynamically by changing the flow parameters.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
47.85.Np Fluidics
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles
66.20.-d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport

A miniaturized biconvex quartz-crystal microbalance with large-radius spherical thickness distribution

Li Li, Masayoshi Esashi, and Takashi Abe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2652 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1796535 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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A miniaturized biconvex quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) with large-radius spherical thickness distribution was fabricated by reactive ion etching (RIE) and photoresist reflow with solvent vapor technology. A conventional polishing method could not manufacture the miniaturized, spherically convex shape, which is necessary to suppress a spurious mode and obtain a high Q factor. Not only can the large-radius spherical convex shape be achieved by this technology, but also miniaturization and batch fabrication. The Q factor of the fabricated QCM (80 000) is two times higher than that of the planar QCM, and the spurious mode around the fundamental vibration mode is suppressed very well. It also has superior resonant characteristic under the viscoelastic liquid.
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81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
06.30.Dr Mass and density

Distant clock synchronization using entangled photon pairs

Alejandra Valencia, Giuliano Scarcelli, and Yanhua Shih

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2655 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1797561 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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We report a proof-of-principle experiment on distant clock synchronization. Besides the achievement of picosecond resolution at 3 km distance, this experiment demonstrated a concept for high-accuracy nonlocal timing and positioning based on the quantum feature of entangled states.
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03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality (e.g. EPR paradox, Bell's inequalities, GHZ states, etc.)
06.30.Ft Time and frequency
42.50.-p Quantum optics

Optical microfluidics

K. T. Kotz, K. A. Noble, and G. W. Faris

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2658 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1797538 (3 pages) | Cited 45 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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We present a method for the control of small droplets based on the thermal Marangoni effect using laser heating. With this approach, droplets covering five orders of magnitude in volume (∼1.7 μL to 14 pL), immersed in decanol, were moved on an unmodified polystyrene surface, with speeds of up to 3 mm/s. When two droplets were brought into contact, they spontaneously fused and rapidly mixed in less than 33 ms. This optically addressed microfluidic approach has many advantages for microfluidic transport, including exceptional reconfigurability, low intersample contamination, large volume range, extremely simple substrates, no electrical connections, and ready scaling to large arrays.
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47.85.Np Fluidics
68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles
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