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27 Sep 2004

Volume 85, Issue 13, pp. 2451-2664

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2619 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1802384 (3 pages)

R. Basu, N. P. Guisinger, M. E. Greene, and M. C. Hersam
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Dual-frequency liquid crystal gels with submillisecond response time

Yun-Hsing Fan, Hongwen Ren, Xiao Liang, Yi-Hsin Lin, and Shin-Tson Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2451 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1799249 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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Two types of gels using dual-frequency liquid crystal are demonstrated. The one using a homogeneous cell shows anisotropic scattering behavior while the other prepared using a cell without polyimide alignment layers exhibits isotropic scattering properties. Both liquid crystal gels are highly transparent in the voltage-off state. Light scattering occurs when a high frequency voltage is applied. The isotropic gel exhibits a high contrast ratio and submillisecond response time. Potential applications of these gels for switchable polarizer, telecom optical switch, and reflective displays are emphasized.
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61.30.Vx Polymer liquid crystals
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Use of extended and prepared reference objects in experimental Fourier transform x-ray holography

H. He, U. Weierstall, J. C. H. Spence, M. Howells, H. A. Padmore, S. Marchesini, and H. N. Chapman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2454 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1795360 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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The use of one or more gold nanoballs as reference objects for Fourier transform holography (FTH) is analyzed using experimental soft x-ray diffraction from objects consisting of separated clusters of these balls. The holograms are deconvoluted against ball reference objects to invert to images, in combination with a Wiener filter to control noise. A resolution of ∼30 nm, smaller than one ball, is obtained even if a large cluster of balls is used as the reference, giving the best resolution yet obtained by x-ray FTH. Methods of dealing with missing data due to a beamstop are discussed. Practical prepared objects which satisfy the FTH condition are suggested, and methods of forming them described.
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42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics
07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
42.30.Va Image forming and processing
42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs in 1550 nm band by a fiber-optic two-photon interferometer

Akio Yoshizawa and Hidemi Tsuchida

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2457 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1799233 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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Polarization-entangled photon pairs in a band around 1550 nm are generated by use of a fiber-optic two-photon interferometer having two periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides. Coincidence measurements are adopted for feedback control, in order to suppress phase drifts in the state of entanglement. Two-photon interference with a visibility of ∼1 (after subtraction of accidental coincidences) is observed over an hour. The visibility including accidental coincidences is ∼0.77.
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42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays
07.60.Ly Interferometers

Multiexcitonic two-state lasing in a CdSe nanocrystal laser

Y. Chan, J.-Michel Caruge, P. T. Snee, and M. G. Bawendi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2460 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1795368 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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We report simultaneous amplified spontaneous emission from two different multiexcitonic transitions −1Se–1S3∕2 and 1Pe–1P3∕2− of colloidal CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) stabilized in high volume fraction in titania matrices. Two-state lasing from both multiexcitonic transitions is achieved in a surface-emitting distributed feedback CdSe NC laser. Variable stripe length measurements show that the gain from the 1Pe–1P3∕2 transition is approximately twice that of the −1Se–1S3∕2 transition for 4.2 nm radius CdSe∕ZnS core-shell NCs.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors

Terahertz emission from p-lnAs due to the instantaneous polarization

R. Adomavičius, A. Urbanowicz, G. Molis, A. Krotkus, and E. Šatkovskis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2463 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1795980 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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Terahertz radiation from differently doped n- and p-type InAs crystal surfaces was investigated by time-resolved measurement. Large increase of the emitted terahertz power has been observed for p-InAs samples with the p-doping levels of approximately 1016–1017 cm−3. This increase was explained by a large surface depletion layer and an electric-field-induced optical rectification effect in this layer.
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78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions

Resonant and thermal changes of refractive index in a heavily doped erbium fiber pumped at wavelength 980 nm

Yu. O. Barmenkov, A. V. Kir’yanov, and M. V. Andrés

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2466 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1787151 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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We report a theoretical and experimental study of the refractive index variation in a heavily doped erbium silica fiber within the spectral range 1500–1580 nm under the pumping at the wavelength 980 nm. The two main contributions in the refractive index change are addressed—the resonant part determined by the saturation effect in the fiber and the thermal part stemming from the fiber heating due to the excited-state absorption and Stokes losses. We demonstrate that the thermal contribution in the resultant refractive index change is a notable value, which is the feature of erbium fibers with a high concentration of erbium ions.
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42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
42.50.Gy Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption
42.62.-b Laser applications

An effective cathode structure for inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting devices

Chieh-Wei Chen, Chun-Liang Lin, and Chung-Chih Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2469 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1798392 (3 pages) | Cited 46 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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Inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) combine technical merits of top-emitting OLEDs and inverted OLEDs for active-matrix OLED displays. One major challenge in inverted top-emitting OLEDs, however, is to prepare a reflective bottom cathode capable of effective electron injection. In this letter, we report an effective cathode structure for enhancing the electron-injection capability of the bottom cathode in inverted top-emitting OLEDs. Such an approach does not involve handling reactive metals during fabrication and permits use of highly reflective materials such as Al and Ag as the bottom cathodes. Efficient inverted top-emitting devices employing such a cathode scheme have been demonstrated.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption

Focusing inside negative index materials

Jeffrey B. Brock, Andrew A. Houck, and Isaac L. Chuang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2472 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1798398 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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Two key theoretical predictions for flat negative index lenses are that thicker lenses should have both internal and external foci, and that these foci should move linearly with small deviations in frequency. Two-dimensional electric field profiles of microwave transmission through rectangular slabs of composite wire and split-ring resonator material are presented. By scanning inside and outside the material, both internal and external foci are revealed. The power concentration around the internal focus is shown to have a negative curvature, consistent with the theoretical predictions.
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41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation

Energy-angle correlation of electrons accelerated by laser beam in vacuum

Z. Chen, Y. K. Ho, Y. J. Xie, S. Y. Zhang, Z. Yan, J. J. Xu, Y. Z. Lin, and J. F. Hua

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2475 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1798391 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 28 September 2004

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The correlation between the outgoing energy and the scattering angle of electrons accelerated by a laser beam in vacuum has been investigated. Essentially, the single-valued function of the correlation, derived from classical electrodynamics Compton scattering for a plane wave, is broadened to a band. It means electrons with the same outgoing energy will have an angular spread. An equation to describe this correlation has been derived. Dependence of the spread width of scattering angle on laser beam parameters is examined, and physical explanations of these features are given. The results are found to be consistent with the simulation results for a proposed vacuum laser acceleration scheme: the capture and acceleration scenario.
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41.75.Jv Laser-driven acceleration
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
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