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13 Dec 2004

Volume 85, Issue 24, pp. 5819-6053

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5968 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1830083 (3 pages)

A. Urbieta, P. Fernández, and J. Piqueras
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Visualization of second-order nonlinear layer in thermally poled fused silica glass

Honglin An, Simon Fleming, and Guy Cox

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5819 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1835554 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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Second-harmonic microscopy has been applied to characterize the second-order nonlinear layer in fused silica plates thermally poled at 280 °C and 3.5 kV for different time intervals. The nonlinear layer is found only under the anode surface and to be ∼5 μm deep under the anode for a poling time of 30 min. Progression of this layer into the bulk glass with poling time is also characterized.
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42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Optically switchable biphotonic photorefractive effect in dye-doped liquid crystal films

Mei-Ru Lee, Jyun-Ruei Wang, Chia-Rong Lee, and Andy Y.-G. Fuh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5822 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1836864 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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This study reports the optically swichable photorefractive (PR) effect induced in a biphotonic grating in the presence of an applied dc voltage, in an azo-dye-doped liquid crystal (LC) film. When one green light is switched on (off), the PR grating can be turned on (off) by irradiating an interference field generated by two linearly polarized red lights. Experimental results demonstrate that such a PR effect follows primarily from a biphotonic process, with two mechanisms—the generation of green light-induced space charges by trans–cis isomerization, and the suppression of the formation of space charges by the red light in cis–trans back isomerization. These mechanisms apply to the dark and bright fringes of the red interference field, respectively. A spatially inhomogeneous space-charge field is then established to modulate the orientation of LCs, forming the PR grating in the presence of a dc voltage. Strong coupling of the two red lights is observable and measured dynamically during the formation of the PR grating in this study.
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42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
42.70.Df Liquid crystals
78.20.-e Optical properties of bulk materials and thin films
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects

Room-temperature external cavity GaSb-based diode laser around 2.13 μm

U. H. Jacobs, K. Scholle, E. Heumann, G. Huber, M. Rattunde, and J. Wagner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5825 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1833561 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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We report on a grating-tuned room-temperature (AlGaIn)(AsSb) diode laser oscillating on a single external cavity mode in the wavelength region around 2.13 μm. A total tuning range of 43 nm with an optical output power of up to 14.7 mW was achieved with a linewidth less than 3.85 MHz.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking

Resonance enhanced THz generation in electro-optic polymers near the absorption maximum

Alexander M. Sinyukov, Megan R. Leahy, L. Michael Hayden, Marnie Haller, Jingdong Luo, Alex K-Y. Jen, and Larry R. Dalton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5827 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1835550 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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The electro-optic (EO) coefficient of an organic nonlinear material exhibits a sharp resonance near the absorption maximum of the material. Due to this resonance, we experimentally observe the amplitude of the THz field generated from a 3.1-μm-thick EO polymer composite to be larger than that emitted from a 1000-μm-thick crystal of ZnTe. This comparison allows us to estimate the resonance enhanced EO coefficient of the polymer composite to be over 1250 pm∕V at 800 nm.
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42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions

Capture and release of photonic images in a quantum well

J. Krauß, J. P. Kotthaus, A. Wixforth, M. Hanson, D. C. Driscoll, A. C. Gossard, D. Schuh, and M. Bichler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5830 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1830676 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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The capture of an optical image in the plane of a semiconductor quantum well and the subsequent re-emission of this image in the form of a two-dimensional photon flux is demonstrated. Spatially resolved storage of photonic signals in a two-dimensional lateral potential landscape of the quantum well is employed to imprint optical images in the form of trapped photogenerated charges into the solid. The lateral two-dimensional potential modulation leads to very long storage times by a deliberate spatial separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Once the potential modulation is lifted, the initial optical information is restored and the photographed image is released in a flash of light.
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42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks
42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions
42.30.Va Image forming and processing
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
68.65.Fg Quantum wells

Surface plasmon polariton based modulators and switches operating at telecom wavelengths

Thomas Nikolajsen, Kristjan Leosson, and Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5833 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1835997 (3 pages) | Cited 219 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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We report design, fabrication, and characterization of thermo-optic Mach–Zender interferometric modulators and directional-coupler switches whose operation utilizes the long-range surface-plasmon-polariton waveguiding along 15-nm-thin and 8-μm-wide gold stripes embedded in polymer and heated by electrical signal currents. The devices are characterized at the light wavelength of 1.55 μm, featuring low driving powers (<10 mW for modulators and <100 mW for switches), high extinction ratios (>30 dB), moderate response times (∼1 ms), and the total (fiber-to-fiber) insertion loss of ∼13 dB (for modulators) and ∼11 dB (for switches) when using single-mode fibers.
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42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers
78.20.N- Thermo-optic effects
78.20.nb Photothermal effects
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)

Medical image processing using transient Fourier holography in bacteriorhodopsin films

Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli, Pengfei Wu, Chandra S. Yelleswarapu, and D. V. G. L. N. Rao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5836 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1833567 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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Real time image processing is demonstrated by recording and reconstructing the transient photoisomerizative grating formed in the bR film using Fourier holography. Desired spatial frequencies including both high and low band in the object beam are reconstructed by controlling the reference beam intensity. The results are in agreement with a theoretical model based on photoisomerization grating. We exploit this technique to process mammograms in real-time for identification of microcalcifications buried in the soft tissue for early detection of breast cancer. A feature of the technique is the ability to transient display of selected spatial frequencies in the reconstructing process which enables the radiologists to study the features of interest.
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87.57.N- Image analysis
42.30.Va Image forming and processing
87.14.E- Proteins

Efficient second-harmonic generation of ultrafast pulses in periodically poled KNbO3

Nan Ei Yu, Sunao Kurimura, Kenji Kitamura, Oc-Yeub Jeon, Myoungsik Cha, Satoshi Ashihara, Takayuki Ohta, Tsutomu Shimura, Kazuo Kuroda, and Junji Hirohashi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5839 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1835557 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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Efficient second-harmonic generation of 95 fs pulses were achieved by simultaneous group-velocity matching and quasi-phase matching in a 10 mm long periodically poled potassium niobate crystal. The quasi-phase-matched bandwidth was 38 nm and second-harmonic pulse duration was 158 fs with a fundamental input pulse of 95 fs without spectral and temporal distortion in the S-band of telecommunication. Utilizing the larger off-diagonal nonlinear coefficient, d31 of potassium niobate, the conversion efficiency was significantly improved from that of periodically poled MgO-doped lithium niobate. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3388 (2003)]
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Mariano Troccoli, David Bour, Scott Corzine, Gloria Höfler, Ashish Tandon, Dan Mars, David J. Smith, Laurent Diehl, and Federico Capasso

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1834715 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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We report on the realization of InGaAs∕InAlAs quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy operating in continuous wave with low-threshold current densities at temperatures as high as 188 K. Threshold current densities of 950 A∕cm2 and output powers of 125 mW are measured at 80 K, while 3 mW of continuous output power are measured at 180 K, with a threshold of 2.5 kA∕cm2. In pulsed mode, peak output powers of more than 0.4 W were obtained at 80 K and of 160 mW at 300 K with thresholds of 700 A∕cm2 and 2.75 kA∕cm2, respectively.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
81.07.St Quantum wells
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
68.65.Fg Quantum wells
81.15.Kk Vapor phase epitaxy; growth from vapor phase
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)

Passive mode locking of a mixed garnet Yb:Y3ScAl4O12 ceramic laser

Jiro Saikawa, Yoichi Sato, Takunori Taira, and Akio Ikesue

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5845 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1836019 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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We have demonstrated a passively mode-locked Yb3+-doped Y3ScAl4O12 ceramic laser, which is a solid solution of Y3Al5O12 and Y3Sc2Al3O12, by using a semiconductor saturable-absorber mirror. The maximum average output power was as high as 150 mW with a pulse duration of 500 fs. With a 0.5% output coupler, pulses as short as 280 fs having an average output power of 62 mW at 1035.8 nm were obtained.
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42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Tuning the exciton-photon coupling in a strongly coupled organic microcavity containing an optical wedge

Jakub Wenus, Liam G. Connolly, David M. Whittaker, Maurice S. Skolnick, and David G. Lidzey

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5848 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1835556 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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We have fabricated strongly coupled organic microcavities by laminating an organic thin film between two dielectric mirrors. The organic film consisted of J aggregates of a cyanine dye suspended in a transparent matrix. By applying a nonuniform force across the substrate during lamination, the optical path length of the cavity changed linearly across the sample, thereby forming a wedge. This enabled cavity mode tuning by changing the position of the incident light beam with respect to the surface of the cavity. Transmission measurements are employed to investigate strong exciton-photon coupling in such microcavities. The results show a well-resolved anti-crossing behavior, which is confirmed by numerical analysis.
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78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
71.35.Cc Intrinsic properties of excitons; optical absorption spectra
78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
73.21.-b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems

Nearly attaining the theoretical efficiency of supersonic chemical oxygen-iodine lasers

V. Rybalkin, A. Katz, B. D. Barmashenko, and S. Rosenwaks

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5851 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1836876 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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Improving the chemical efficiency of the supersonic chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) is a key issue for the design of devices for both defense and industrial applications. Efficiencies around 30% for the supersonic COIL have been the state of the art in the last decade. Here, we report the achievement of a record (40%) for the chemical efficiency of the supersonic COIL. More specifically, we show that by carefully studying and optimizing the operation of the chemical generator, the mixing of heavy and light molecules in the gas phase and the optical extraction efficiency, we have approached the theoretical limit for the chemical efficiency.
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42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Diffractionless propagation of light in a low-index photonic-crystal film

R. Iliew, C. Etrich, U. Peschel, F. Lederer, M. Augustin, H.-J. Fuchs, D. Schelle, E.-B. Kley, S. Nolte, and A. Tünnermann

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5854 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1830675 (3 pages) | Cited 33 times

Online Publication Date: 9 December 2004

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We experimentally demonstrate diffractionless propagation of light over 12 diffraction lengths in a two-dimensional photonic crystal film made of silicon nitride (SiNx). We show that self-guided beams may propagate for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized light but at slightly different frequencies. Three-dimensional calculations are used to optimize the structure for low loss and narrow beam operation in this low-index photonic crystals. Experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
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