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20 Dec 2004

Volume 85, Issue 25, pp. 6083-6293

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6281 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1834720 (3 pages)

M. P. Rao, M. F. Aimi, and N. C. MacDonald
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Room-temperature demonstration of low-voltage and tunable static memory based on negative differential conductance in silicon single-electron transistors

Masumi Saitoh, Hidehiro Harata, and Toshiro Hiramoto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6233 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1839643 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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A static memory based on negative differential conductance (NDC) in silicon single-electron transistors is proposed. We fabricate a room-temperature (RT) operating single-hole transistor (SHT) in the form of an ultranarrow wire channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and observe clear NDC due to large quantum level spacing of an ultrasmall dot at RT. By serially connecting an SHT showing NDC and a p-type MOSFET acting as a load on a single chip, gate-controllable memory operation is demonstrated at the supply voltage of 0.2 V at RT. The proposed memory features high compatibility with the existing very-large-scale integrated circuits, compact size, low-voltage, and tunable operation.
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85.35.Gv Single electron devices
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling
85.40.Qx Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure analysis
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation

Room temperature photoluminescence from nanostructured amorphous carbon

S. J. Henley, J. D. Carey, and S. R. P. Silva

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6236 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1839641 (3 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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Visible room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) was observed from hydrogen-free nanostructured amorphous carbon films deposited by pulsed laser ablation in different background pressures of argon (PAr). By varying PAr from 5 to 340 mTorr, the film morphology changed from smooth to rough and at the highest pressures, low-density filamentary growth was observed. Over the same pressure regime an increase in the ordering of sp2 bonded C content was observed using visible Raman spectroscopy. The origin of the PL is discussed in terms of improved carrier localization within an increased sp2 rich phase.
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81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
78.55.Qr Amorphous materials; glasses and other disordered solids
78.66.Nk Insulators
78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Detection and characterization of longitudinal field for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Norihiko Hayazawa, Yuika Saito, and Satoshi Kawata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6239 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1839646 (3 pages) | Cited 89 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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We characterized the longitudinal field formed at a tightly focused spot by a high numerical aperture objective lens using a tip-enhanced near-field microscope. The longitudinal field efficiently excites the localized surface plasmon polaritons at the metallic tip apex resulting in an electric field enhancement. Radially polarized light generated by a combination of four half-waveplates successfully increases the longitudinal field resulting in higher sensitivity for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of adenine nanocrystals.
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78.30.Jw Organic compounds, polymers
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
73.22.Lp Collective excitations
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters

Atomic composition effect on the ordering of solution-phase synthesized FePt nanoparticle films

Andrew C. C. Yu, M. Mizuno, Y. Sasaki, and H. Kondo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6242 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1835998 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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FePt nanoparticle monolayer films were fabricated with the nanoparticles stabilized on organic-coupling-layer coated Si substrates. The as-prepared films were nonmagnetic. In order to transform the nanoparticle phase from chemically disordered face-centered-cubic to chemically ordered L10, the films were annealed at 800°C under nitrogen atmosphere for 30 min. The annealed films showed different degrees of sintering depending on the organic coupling layer materials used. At room temperature, sintered films exhibited high coercivity up to 2.4×104 Oe, while monodispersive films with insignificant sintering showed a low coercivity of 1.1×102 Oe. Such results can be explained by a large atomic composition distribution among the nanoparticles together with the size effect on ordering. Improvement of the nanoparticle atomic composition homogeneity is essential for applying the nanoparticle films for future ultrahigh-density data storage applications.
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75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
75.50.Vv High coercivity materials
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification
81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering, mechanical alloying, and granulation
64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions

Hybrid solar cells based on porous Si and copper phthalocyanine derivatives

I. A. Levitsky, W. B. Euler, N. Tokranova, B. Xu, and J. Castracane

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6245 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1839280 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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We demonstrate a solar cell based on n-type nanoporous Si (PSi) filled with copper phthalocyanine (CuPC) and its derivatives (including a discotic liquid crystal form). The CuPC device shows conversion efficiency up to 2% under white light illumination (20–30 mW∕cm2), distinct from cells filled with CuPC derivatives with alkyl chains attached to the core. It is concluded that a critical issue for efficient photocarrier generation is the distance between the CuPC core and the PSi surface. Both organic and inorganic components contribute to photoinduced charge transfer and transport processes. The influence of the PSi structure and pore filling on the solar cell performance is discussed.
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials
82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions

Electron field emission from various morphologies of fluorinated amorphous carbon nanostructures

S. H. Lai, K. L. Chang, H. C. Shih, K. P. Huang, and P. Lin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6248 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1828595 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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Unlike general fluorination, amorphous fluorinated carbon (a‐C:F) nanostructures have been synthesized directly and efficiently by an electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR–CVD) system using a mixture of C2H2, CF4, and Ar as precursors. The electron field-emission properties of the a‐C:F nanostructures were investigated. The a‐C:F nanoporous films with a low turnon field (1.8 V∕μm) are apparently lower than other types of a‐C:F nanostructures. The a‐C:F nanostructures have a greater field-enhancement factor (2500–4000) than other nonaligned multiwall nanotubes. However, the a‐C:F nanostructures follow the Fowler–Nordheim characteristics only in the medium emission current region and they deviate from the characteristics in the low and high emission current regions.
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81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials
81.07.Wx Nanopowders
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
61.72.S- Impurities in crystals
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials

Correlated photon emission from a single II–VI quantum dot

C. Couteau, S. Moehl, F. Tinjod, J. M. Gérard, K. Kheng, H. Mariette, J. A. Gaj, R. Romestain, and J. P. Poizat

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6251 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1842370 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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We report correlation and cross-correlation measurements of photons emitted under continuous wave excitation by a single II–VI quantum dot (QD) grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. A standard technique of microphotoluminescence combined with an ultrafast photon correlation setup allowed us to see an antibunching effect on photons emitted by excitons recombining in a single CdTe∕ZnTe QD, as well as cross correlation within the biexciton (X2)-exciton (X) radiative cascade from the same dot. Fast microchannel plate photomultipliers and a time-correlated single photon module gave us an overall temporal resolution of 140 ps better than the typical exciton lifetime in II–VI QDs of about 250 ps.
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73.21.La Quantum dots
71.35.Ee Electron-hole drops and electron-hole plasma
78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors

Atomic-scale analysis of hydrogen-terminated Si(110) surfaces after wet cleaning

Kenta Arima, Jun Katoh, and Katsuyoshi Endo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6254 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1840108 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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Atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy observations are performed on hydrogen-terminated Si(110) surfaces after wet cleaning. When a Si(110) wafer is dipped into dilute HF-containing solution, the surface is constructed by piling small terraces and steps. When the sample is consequently rinsed with ultrapure water, some characteristic features such as a zig–zag chain inside a terrace, a single row at step edges and an isolated zig–zag chain on a terrace are clearly observed, and their atomic arrangements are determined. Excessive rinsing, however, creates the ridge-shaped structure of nanometer height, which is explained by anisotropic etching by OH− ions in water.
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81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)

Abrupt change in the structure of self-assembled monolayers upon metal evaporation

Y. Tai, A. Shaporenko, W. Eck, M. Grunze, and M. Zharnikov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6257 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1842361 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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We have studied the interaction of vapor-deposited nickel with thiol-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of oligophenylthiolates on Au, which can be considered as model systems for molecular electronics. Instead of usually observed disordering of the molecular layer, a drastic decrease in molecular tilt was observed at the initial stage of the deposition. This was attributed to the formation of Ni-thiol complexes at the SAM–ambient interface. The reorientation resulted in the appearance of transient channels for the metal diffusion into the SAM and to the SAM–substrate interface.
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68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological molecules on surfaces
68.43.Hn Structure of assemblies of adsorbates (two- and three-dimensional clustering)
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
79.60.Dp Adsorbed layers and thin films

Nanodispenser for attoliter volume deposition using atomic force microscopy probes modified by focused-ion-beam milling

A. Meister, M. Liley, J. Brugger, R. Pugin, and H. Heinzelmann

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6260 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1842352 (3 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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In this letter, we describe the on-demand dispensing of single liquid droplets with volumes down to a few attoliters and submicrometric spacing. This dispensing is achieved using a standard atomic force microscope probe, with a 200 nm aperture at the tip apex, opened by focused ion beam milling. The inside of the tip is used as reservoir for the liquid. This maskless dispensing, realized in ambient environment, permits the direct creation of droplet arrays. Nanoparticles, suspended in the liquid, were organized on a surface.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions

Metal-coated carbon nanotube tips for magnetic force microscopy

Zhifeng Deng, Erhan Yenilmez, Josh Leu, J. E. Hoffman, Eric W. J. Straver, Hongjie Dai, and Kathryn A. Moler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6263 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1842374 (3 pages) | Cited 54 times

Online Publication Date: 15 December 2004

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We fabricated cantilevers for magnetic force microscopy with carbon nanotube tips coated with magnetic material. Images of a custom hard drive demonstrated 20 nm lateral resolution, with prospects for further improvements.
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61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.37.Rt Magnetic force microscopy (MFM)
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