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19 Jul 2004

Volume 85, Issue 3, pp. 351-509

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 494 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1774254 (3 pages)

J. T. Cremer, M. A. Piestrup, C. K. Gary, R. H. Pantell, and C. J. Glinka
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Polarization storage by nonlinear orientational hole burning in azo dye-containing polymer films

Makoto Maeda, Hidekazu Ishitobi, Zouheir Sekkat, and Satoshi Kawata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 351 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1772522 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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We present experimental evidence of polarization storage by nonlinear orientational hole burning in films of poly(methylmethacrylate) containing disperse red one (DR1). The data are written by polarized nonlinear excitation of DR1 by a tightly focused Ti: Sapphire laser and read by polarized confocal laser scanning microscopy in the reflection mode. The bits that are imaged with a light polarization which is parallel to the excitation laser polarization reflect light ∼2.5 times more efficiently than those which are imaged with a light polarization which is perpendicular to it. This finding is consistent with orientational hole burning of chromophores by two-photon excitation.
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42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency
42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks

Visible-wavelength super-refraction in photonic crystal superprisms

J. J. Baumberg, N. M. B. Perney, M. C. Netti, M. D. C. Charlton, M. Zoorob, and G. J. Parker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 354 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1772521 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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We demonstrate the fabrication of superprism devices in photonic crystal waveguides with excellent transmission through 600 rows of 160 nm diameter holes. Broadband spectral and angular measurements allow mapping of the chromatic refractivity. This shows the ability of such devices to super-refract by more than 1°∕nm close to the principal band gaps, 10× more than equivalent gratings, and 100× more than equivalent prisms. Simple theories based on plane-wave models give excellent agreement with these results.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers

Radiative and Auger recombination in 1.3 μm InGaAsP and 1.5 μm InGaAs quantum-well lasers measured under high pressure at low and room temperatures

S. R. Jin, S. J. Sweeney, C. N. Ahmad, A. R. Adams, and B. N. Murdin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 357 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1772871 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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We report on the pressure dependence of the threshold current in 1.3 μm InGaAsP and 1.5 μm InGaAs quantum-well lasers measured at low temperatures ∼100 K. It was found that the threshold current of both devices slowly increases with increasing pressure (i.e., increasing band gap) at ∼100 K consistent with the calculated variation of the radiative current. In contrast, at room temperature we observed a reduction of the threshold current with increasing pressure. Our low-temperature, high-pressure data confirm the results of previous atmospheric pressure measurements on the same devices which indicated a transition in the dominant recombination mechanism from radiative to Auger as the device temperature is increased from ∼100 to 300 K.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes

Liquid-crystal electric tuning of a photonic crystal laser

Brett Maune, Marko Lončar, Jeremy Witzens, Michael Hochberg, Thomas Baehr-Jones, Demetri Psaltis, Axel Scherer, and Yueming Qiu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 360 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1772869 (3 pages) | Cited 65 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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An electrically tuned nematic liquid-crystal (LC) infiltrated photonic crystal (PC) laser is demonstrated. This PC laser represents an emerging class of nanoscale optical adaptive devices enabled by the convergence of nonlinear optical materials, electronics, and fluidics that promise increased functionality and utility over existing technologies. A LC cell is constructed by encasing the PC laser between two indium tin oxide glass plates, which serve as the modulating electrodes. Applying a voltage across the cell realigns the LC, modifies the laser cavity’s optical path length, and blueshifts the lasing wavelength.
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42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking

Full-field coherence-gated holographic imaging through scattering media using a photorefractive polymer composite device

P. Dean, M. R. Dickinson, and D. P. West

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 363 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1772866 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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We report full-field, retroreflective holographic imaging through turbid media using a photorefractive polymer composite as a coherence gate. A four-wave mixing geometry was used to record and reconstruct two-dimensional images of test objects through 6.5 scattering mean-free-paths in real-time. Images with a transverse spatial resolution better than 42 μm were acquired in a few seconds using a 6.3 mW helium neon laser at 633 nm. The photorefractive devices used are based on a poly (N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK):2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone dimalenitrile (TNFDM) charge transport network, doped with the electro-optic chromophore 1-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-2,5-dimethyl-4-(4″-nitrophenylazo)benzene (EHDNPB).
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42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems
42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques
82.35.Ej Nonlinear optics with polymers
42.30.-d Imaging and optical processing

Effects of applied electric field on orientational photorefraction in porphyrin:Zn-doped nematic liquid crystals

Ki Hyun Kim, Eun Ju Kim, Sang Jo Lee, Jung Hoon Lee, Chong Hoon Kwak, and Jeong Eun Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 366 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1772865 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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We observed an orientational photorefractive effect in porphyrin:Zn-doped nematic liquid crystals by measuring two beam coupling gain and diffraction efficiency under the influence of applied electric field. The gain and diffraction efficiency curves against applied electric field typically reveal resonant type curves, rapidly increasing to its maximum values and then gradually decreasing, but have clearly distinct peak positions. Based on the material equations and the torque balance equation of director axis reorientation of liquid crystals, we theoretically derived the expressions for the orientational photorefractive gain and diffraction efficiency, showing good agreement with the experimental results.
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61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures
61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Structural dependence of carrier capture time in semiconductor quantum-well lasers

J. Hader, J. V. Moloney, and S. W. Koch

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 369 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1774271 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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A fully microscopic model based on generalized quantum Bolzman equations for electron–electron and electron–phonon scattering is used to calculate the carrier capture dynamics in quantum-well lasers. The capture time and dynamics are governed by transitions between quantum states that are delocalized throughout the whole structure. Good agreement with experimental results is demonstrated for InGaPAs- and InGaAlAs-based multi-quantum-well systems.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
73.61.Ey III-V semiconductors
73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean free paths

Large positive and negative lateral optical beam displacements due to surface plasmon resonance

Xiaobo Yin, Lambertus Hesselink, Zhaowei Liu, Nicholas Fang, and Xiang Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 372 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1775294 (3 pages) | Cited 61 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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We report abnormally large positive and negative lateral optical beam shifts at a metal–air interface when the surface plasmon resonance of the metal is excited. The optimal thickness for minimal resonant reflection is identified as the critical thickness above which a negative beam displacement is observed. Experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions and the large observed bidirectional beam displacements also indicate the existence of forward and backward surface propagating waves at the surface plasmon resonance of the metal.
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73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)

Second-order nonlinearities in the domain walls of periodically poled KTiOPO4

A. Fragemann, V. Pasiskevicius, and F. Laurell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 375 (2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1775031 (3 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2004

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The domain wall regions in periodically poled KTiOPO4 crystals were examined and found to give rise to phasematched second harmonic generation in the Čerenkov directions. This phenomenon is caused by the nonlinear coefficients d11 and d12, which are not present in single domain regions, but are nonzero at and close to domain walls. The appearance of these nonlinearities is attributed to strain, produced by the domain inversion process and results in the creation of a dc piezoelectric field.
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77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.65.Ly Strain-induced piezoelectric fields
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
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