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12 Sep 2005

Volume 87, Issue 11, Articles (11xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 113902 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2045549 (3 pages)

M. Laroussi and X. Lu
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Dynamic coherent backscattering in a heterogeneous absorbing medium: Application to human trabecular bone characterization

Arnaud Derode, Victor Mamou, Frédéric Padilla, Frédéric Jenson, and Pascal Laugier

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 114101 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2043240 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 7 September 2005

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We report measurements of time-resolved coherent backscattering enhancement in human trabecular bones with wide-band ultrasonic waves around 3 MHz. The experimental results show that multiple scattering takes place in the bone structure and yields an estimation of the scattering mean-free path independently from intrinsic absorption losses.
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87.63.D- Ultrasonography

Experimental determination of kinetic parameters for crystallizing amorphous NiTi thin films

Hoo-Jeong Lee, Hai Ni, David T. Wu, and Ainissa G. Ramirez

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 114102 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2045565 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 8 September 2005

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The crystallization of amorphous NiTi thin films was studied using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. Samples were subjected to heating conditions within the microscope and the microstructural development was monitored and recorded. The nucleation rate and the growth rate were determined experimentally by noting the number of new grains per frame and their change in size. These parameters were compared to the conventional method of kinetic analysis using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) theory. In it, the amount transformed is related to fitting parameters that describe the overall crystallization rate. The individual kinetic rates found directly with the TEM methods have considerable agreement with the overall rate determined by the conventional JMAK analysis. This quantitative analysis provides the groundwork for the control of microstructures and properties in NiTi shape memory alloy thin films.
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82.20.Pm Rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies
64.70.D- Solid-liquid transitions
61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
64.60.Q- Nucleation

Osmosis and pervaporation in polyimide submicron microfluidic channel structures

Jan C. T. Eijkel, Johan G. Bomer, and Albert van den Berg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 114103 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2046727 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 8 September 2005

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Osmosis and pervaporation of water through the roof of all-polyimide channels of 500 nm height is described. The phenomena cause both a liquid flow in the channels and a concentration change of dissolved salt. Both effects are amplified due to the thin channel roof and the small channel height. Osmotic movement of demineralized water was observed towards a salt solution and towards ethanol and isopropanol. Water movement by pervaporation was observed from a salt solution towards the atmosphere. Flow velocities of up to 70 μm/s were generated in the channels. The results are in accordance with predictions from the solution-diffusion model for membrane transport. The observed phenomena can be applied in a nanofluidic osmotic pump or for an osmotic or pervaporative concentrator.
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82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
64.70.F- Liquid-vapor transitions
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems

Two-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing in a simple microfluidic device

Claire Simonnet and Alex Groisman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 114104 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2046729 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 8 September 2005

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Two-dimensional flow focusing in pressure-driven flow is demonstrated in a microfluidic device made of a single cast of a silicon elastomer. A stream injected into the device is shaped to a variety of rectangular profiles. A flow of particles is focused into a thin layer with homogeneous velocity. A blob of dye injected into a microchannel is transported over a long distance with minimal dispersion. The device can be integrated into lab-on-a-chip systems and used as a low-cost flow cytometry chamber.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
47.85.Np Fluidics
47.15.-x Laminar flows
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
47.55.Kf Particle-laden flows

Electron emission from carbon nanotube-dispersed MgO layer

J. N. Heo, J. H. Lee, T. W. Jeong, C. S. Lee, W. S. Kim, Y. W. Jin, J. M. Kim, SeGi Yu, W. K. Yi, S. H. Park, T. S. Oh, and J. B. Yoo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 114105 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2048814 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 9 September 2005

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A simple secondary-electron-emission (SEE)-based source was fabricated using a carbon-nanotube-dispersed MgO precursor solution. This emission source exhibits a high SEE gain as over 103. In addition, the self-sustaining current was observed even after turning off the primary electron beam, then the emission current could be modulated by a small electric field variation (1.2–2 V/μm). The electron energy spectrum of the self-sustaining emission indicates that the major character of the emission is attributed to the field-enhanced SEE rather than direct field emission.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
79.20.Hx Electron impact: secondary emission
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