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7 Nov 2005

Volume 87, Issue 19, Articles (19xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 192502 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2128478 (3 pages)

Ki-Suk Lee, SangKook Choi, and Sang-Koog Kim
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Fast multielement phase-controlled photoacoustic imaging based on limited-field-filtered back-projection algorithm

Diwu Yang, Da Xing, Huaimin Gu, Yi Tan, and Lvming Zeng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194101 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2119417 (3 pages) | Cited 38 times

Online Publication Date: 31 October 2005

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In this paper, the multielement phase-controlled technique and the limited-field -filtered back-projection algorithm are used to investigate the two-dimensional fast noninvasive photoacoustic imaging. By the use of the former to collect photoacoustic signals, which are of high signal-to-noise ratio, one needs not to average the data and can acquire them in less than 5 s. The later can greatly improve the lateral resolution of the multielement linear transducer array imaging system from 1.5 mm to 0.24 mm. This method and system can provide a fast and reliable approach to photoacoustic imaging that could be applied to noninvasive imaging and clinic diagnosis.
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87.63.D- Ultrasonography
87.63.L- Visual imaging
43.80.Qf
43.80.Vj

Experimental observation of attractive and repulsive thermal forces on microcantilevers

B. Gotsmann and U. Dürig

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194102 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2128040 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 31 October 2005

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We report measurements of thermal forces acting on a microcantilever near a substrate surface in air. In magnitude and direction, the observed force depends on the temperatures of substrate and cantilever, which were varied independently. The data are explained by considering interface scattering at the substrate surface as expressed by an accommodation coefficient of less than unity. The observed forces effectively act in the direction of the thermal gradient—opposite to thermophoresis of free particles suspended in a gas. The observation thus exhibits similarities with the so-called negative thermophoresis.
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51.20.+d Viscosity, diffusion, and thermal conductivity
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics

Optimized transition-edge x-ray microcalorimeter with 2.4 eV energy resolution at 5.9 keV

J. N. Ullom, J. A. Beall, W. B. Doriese, W. D. Duncan, L. Ferreira, G. C. Hilton, K. D. Irwin, C. D. Reintsema, and L. R. Vale

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194103 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2061865 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 1 November 2005

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We present measurements from a series of transition-edge x-ray microcalorimeters designed for optimal energy resolution. We used the geometry of the sensors to control their heat capacity and employed additional normal metal features and a perpendicular magnetic field to control the sharpness of the superconducting-to-normal transition. These degrees of control allow an optimal selection of sensor saturation energy and noise. Successive design changes improved the measured energy resolution of the sensors from 4.5 eV full width at half maximum at 5.9 keV to 2.4 eV at 5.9 keV. Sensors with this energy resolution are well matched to applications in x-ray astrophysics and terrestrial materials analysis.
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07.20.Fw Calorimeters
07.20.Dt Thermometers
85.25.Am Superconducting device characterization, design, and modeling
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
74.25.Bt Thermodynamic properties
74.62.-c Transition temperature variations, phase diagrams

Signal enhancement of the in-plane and out-of-plane Rayleigh wave components

R. S. Edwards, X. Jian, Y. Fan, and S. Dixon

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194104 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2128058 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 1 November 2005

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Several groups have reported an enhancement of the ultrasonic Rayleigh wave when scanning close to a surface-breaking defect in a metal sample. This enhancement may be explained as an interference effect where the waves passing directly between source and receiver interfere with those waves reflected back from the defect. We present finite element models of the predicted enhancement when approaching a defect, along with experiments performed using electromagnetic acoustic transducers sensitive to either in-plane or out-of-plane motion. A larger enhancement of the in-plane motion than the out-of-plane motion is observed and can be explained by considering ultrasonic reflections and mode conversion at the defect.
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68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
62.20.M- Structural failure of materials

Biosilicified structures for cooling plant leaves: A mechanism of highly efficient midinfrared thermal emission

Lijun Wang, Qing Nie, Min Li, Fusuo Zhang, Jiaqi Zhuang, Wensheng Yang, Tiejin Li, and Yunhua Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194105 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2126115 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2005

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Biosilicified structures fulfill a variety of crucial functions in biological systems. Here, we present a detailed study of leaf temperatures of silicified leaves of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) by thermal infrared imaging, and show that biosilicified structures deposited in epidermal cells of plant leaves reduce the heat load of leaves and are remarkably effective in cooling leaves by virtue of highly efficient midinfrared thermal emission (8–12 μm) of plant silica. We conclude that biosilicified structures have potential as an environmentally benign practical approach for improving plant tolerance of high temperature.
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87.19.Pp Biothermics and thermal processes in biology
87.17.-d Cell processes

Fluidic photonic integrated circuit for in-line detection

Victor Lien, Kai Zhao, and Yu-Hwa Lo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194106 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2126141 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2005

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We present a microfabricated fluidic photonic integrated circuit (FPIC) performing the detection function for flow cytometry. This device was entirely made of polymer using micromolding and capillary filling techniques. An array waveguide design was chosen to achieve superb sensitivity and the time-of-flight measurement for each particle flowing by. With multichannel sampling and cross-correlation analysis, the results show significant enhancement of detection sensitivity.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.63.-d Non-ionizing radiation equipment and techniques
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers

Prolonged electron emission as a method to fabricate a stable and bright dual ion/electron point source

Wen-Pin Hsieh and Y. L. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194107 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2126799 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2005

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A method based on prolonged (few hundreds of hours) electron emission has been developed to fabricate a stable dual ion/electron source with an electron emission current as high as 5 μA, which is ∼ 100 times higher than that of any dual source reported previously. Once fabricated, the dual emitter can be switched interchangeably between ion and electron emission mode within a few minutes after changing the polarity of the extraction electrode. The achievement of such a stable and bright dual ion/electron point emitter is an important step towards the further development of single-column focused ion/electron beam systems.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption

Fast and simple one-way quantum key distribution

Damien Stucki, Nicolas Brunner, Nicolas Gisin, Valerio Scarani, and Hugo Zbinden

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194108 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2126792 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2005

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We present and demonstrate a new protocol for practical quantum cryptography, tailored for an implementation with weak coherent pulses to obtain a high key generation rate. The key is obtained by a simple time-of-arrival measurement on the dataline; the presence of an eavesdropper is checked by an interferometer on an additional monitoring line. The setup is experimentally simple; moreover, it is tolerant to reduced interference visibility and to photon number splitting attacks, thus featuring a high efficiency in terms of distilled secret bit per qubit.
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03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography and communication security
03.67.Hk Quantum communication
42.50.-p Quantum optics

Laser-based ultrasonic generation and detection of zero-group velocity Lamb waves in thin plates

C. Prada, O. Balogun, and T. W. Murray

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194109 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2128063 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2005

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A novel laser-based ultrasonic technique for the inspection of thin plates and membranes is presented, in which a modulated continuous-wave laser source is used to excite narrow bandwidth Lamb waves. The dominant feature in the acoustic spectrum is a sharp resonance peak that occurs at the minimum frequency of the first-order symmetric Lamb mode, where the group velocity of the Lamb wave goes to zero while the phase velocity remains finite. Experimental results with the laser source and receiver on epicenter demonstrate that the zero-group velocity resonance generated with a low-power modulated excitation source can be detected using a Michelson interferometer coupled to a lock-in amplifier. This resonance peak is sensitive to the thickness and mechanical properties of plates and may be suitable, for example, for the measurement and mapping of nanoscale thickness variations.
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81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
81.70.Fy Nondestructive testing: optical methods
42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
43.35.Pt
68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
07.60.Ly Interferometers

In situ energy dispersive x-ray reflectometry measurements on organic solar cells upon working

B. Paci, A. Generosi, V. Rossi Albertini, P. Perfetti, R. de Bettignies, M. Firon, J. Leroy, and C. Sentein

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194110 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2128069 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2005

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The change in the morphology of plastic solar cells was studied by means of time-resolved energy dispersive x-ray reflectivity (XRR). This unconventional application of the XRR technique allowed the follow up of in situ morphological evolution of an organic photovoltaic device upon working. The study consisted of three steps: A preliminary set of XRR measurements on various samples representing the intermediate stages of cell construction, which provided accurate data regarding the electronic densities of the different layers; the verification of the morphological stability of the device under ambient condition; a real-time collection of XRR patterns, both in the dark and during 15 h in artificial light conditions which allowed the changes in the system morphology at the electrode-active layer interface to be monitored. In this way, a progressive thickening of this interface, responsible for a reduction in the performances of the device, was observed directly.
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods

Four-parameter equation of state of solids

J. H. Li, S. H. Liang, H. B. Guo, and B. X. Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194111 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2128071 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 2 November 2005

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A four-parameter equation of state (EOS), expressed in terms of the equilibrium volume V0, cohesion energy EC, isothermal bulk modulus B0, and its first pressure derivative B0′, is proposed and successfully applied to 40 selected metals. From the proposed EOS, the thermal expansions α, melting points TM, ultimate strengths PC, and critical volume VC of the selected metals are calculated and are in good agreement with the experimental observations. Besides, a strong correlation between PC/B0 and (VC−V0)/V0 is found to be (PC/B0)/[(VC−V0)/V0] ≈ 0.31.
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81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
64.30.-t Equations of state of specific substances
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.20.D- Elasticity
65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects

Microscopic observations of condensation of water on lotus leaves

Yang-Tse Cheng, Daniel E. Rodak, Anastasios Angelopoulos, and Ted Gacek

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194112 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2130392 (3 pages) | Cited 49 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2005

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We report an in situ observation of water condensation and evaporation on lotus leaf surfaces inside an environmental scanning electron microscope. The real-time observation shows, at the micrometer length scale, how water drops grow to large contact angles during water condensation, and decrease in size and contact angle during the evaporation phase of the experiment. To rationalize the observations, we propose a geometric model for liquid drops on rough surfaces when the size of the drop and surface roughness scale are comparable. This model suggests that when drop size and surface roughness are of the same magnitude, such as micrometer size water drops on lotus leaves, well-known equations for wetting on rough surfaces may not be applicable.
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64.70.F- Liquid-vapor transitions
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
68.08.Bc Wetting

Strain mapping with parts-per-million resolution in synthetic type-Ib diamond plates

Albert T. Macrander, Szczesny Krasnicki, Yuncheng Zhong, Josef Maj, and Yong S. Chu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194113 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2126790 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 3 November 2005

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A general method to map strain with parts per million (ppm) resolution in single-crystal wafers and plates is demonstrated. An x-ray technique has been used to obtain separate maps of strain and tilt across synthetic diamond growth sectors. Data consisting of rocking curve maps obtained with a charge coupled device detector were analyzed. The strain results image the growth sectors and reveal a strain pileup near the sector boundaries. The diamond was yellow to the eye due to nitrogen impurities. Not only the topography of the strain map, but also the strain magnitudes, are consistent with the strain arising from nitrogen impurities. High strain resolution in the ppm range is needed to observe these effects.
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07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque
07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)

Laser-powered thermoelectric generators operating at cryogenic temperatures

S. R. Harutyunyan, V. H. Vardanyan, A. S. Kuzanyan, V. R. Nikoghosyan, S. Kunii, K. Winzer, K. S. Wood, and A. M. Gulian

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194114 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2131202 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 4 November 2005

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A thermoelectric generator, operating in a cryostat at liquid helium temperatures, is described. Energy to the generator is supplied via an external laser beam. For this prototype device the associated heat load at permanent operation is comparable with the heat load associated with power delivery via metallic wires. Estimates indicate that still better performance can be enabled with existing thermoelectric materials, thereby far exceeding efficiency of traditional cryostat wiring. We used a prototype generator to produce electric power for measuring critical currents in Nb3Sn-films at 4 K.
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84.60.Rb Thermoelectric, electrogasdynamic and other direct energy conversion
74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and binary compounds (including A15, MgB2, etc.)
74.25.Sv Critical currents
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