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5 Dec 2005

Volume 87, Issue 23, Articles (23xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 234101 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2140082 (3 pages)

Ben McMillen, Chuck Jewart, Michael Buric, Kevin P. Chen, Yuankun Lin, and Wei Xu
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Enhanced infrared photovoltaic efficiency in PbS nanocrystal/semiconducting polymer composites: 600-fold increase in maximum power output via control of the ligand barrier

S. Zhang, P. W. Cyr, S. A. McDonald, G. Konstantatos, and E. H. Sargent

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233101 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2137895 (3 pages) | Cited 38 times

Online Publication Date: 28 November 2005

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We report a comparison of photoconductive performance of PbS nanocrystal/polymer composite devices containing either oleic acid-capped or octylamine capped nanocrystals (NCs). The octylamine-capped NCs allow over two orders of magnitude more photocurrent under −1 V bias; they also show an infrared photovoltaic response, while devices using oleic acid-capped NCs do not. Further improvement in the photovoltaic performance of films made with octylamine-capped NCs occurs upon thermally annealing the composite layer at 220 °C for 1 h. The procedure leads to a 200-fold increase in short circuit current, a 600-fold increase in maximum power output, and an order of magnitude faster response time.
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72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing

Comparison of extended x-ray absorption fine structure and Scherrer analysis of x-ray diffraction as methods for determining mean sizes of polydisperse nanoparticles

S. Calvin, S. X. Luo, C. Caragianis-Broadbridge, J. K. McGuinness, E. Anderson, A. Lehman, K. H. Wee, S. A. Morrison, and L. K. Kurihara

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233102 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2137872 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 28 November 2005

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Curve fitting of extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and Scherrer analysis of x-ray diffraction (XRD) are compared as methods for determining the mean crystallite size in polydisperse samples of platinum nanoparticles. By applying the techniques to mixtures of pure samples, it is found that EXAFS correctly determines the relative mean sizes of these polydisperse samples, while XRD tends to be weighted more toward the largest crystallites in the sample. Results for TEM are not clear cut, due to polycrystallinity and aggregation, but are consistent with the other results.
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78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting

Nanoconjunction of DNA-retained gold nanoparticles using silver

Dong Hun Lee, Seol Ji Kim, Soo Yeon Heo, and Du-Jeon Jang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233103 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2138791 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 28 November 2005

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Oligonucleotide duplexes are utilized to retain gold nanoparticles adjacently and to associate Ag+ ions for the nanoconjunction of gold nanoparticles with silver. Junctions between adjoining gold nanoparticles connected by duplexes are well bridged with silver to have the crystalline structure of silver. Because Ag+ ions clustered around oligonucleotide duplexes are reduced on metallic surfaces, silver is produced preferably on gold surfaces near duplexes to solder gold nanoparticles with nanocontact.
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87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.14.G- Nucleic acids

Structural properties and photoluminescence of zinc nitride nanowires

Fujian Zong, Honglei Ma, Jin Ma, Wei Du, Xijian Zhang, Hongdi Xiao, Feng Ji, and Chengshan Xue

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233104 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2140086 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 29 November 2005

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Zinc nitride nanowires can be synthesized by nitridation reaction of zinc powder with ammonia gas in 500 ml/min at the nitridation temperature of 600 °C for 120 min. Studies by using x-ray diffraction indicate that zinc nitride nanowires are cubic in structure with the lattice constant a = 0.9788 nm. Observations by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy show that zinc nitride is of nanowire structure. Typical room temperature photoluminescence spectrum of zinc nitride nanowires exhibits an ultraviolet emission peak at 385 nm (3.22 eV) and a blue emission band centered at 450 nm (2.76 eV).
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81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
78.67.Lt Quantum wires
82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Structural characteristics of carbon nanofibers for on-chip interconnect applications

Yusuke Ominami, Quoc Ngo, Alexander J. Austin, Hans Yoong, Cary Y. Yang, Alan M. Cassell, Brett A. Cruden, Jun Li, and M. Meyyappan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233105 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2137873 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 29 November 2005

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In this letter, we compare the structures of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of Ni-catalyzed and Pd-catalyzed carbon nanofibers (CNFs) synthesized for on-chip interconnect applications with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The Ni-catalyzed CNF has a conventional fiberlike structure and many graphitic layers that are almost parallel to the substrate at the CNF base. In contrast, the Pd-catalyzed CNF has a multiwall nanotubelike structure on the sidewall spanning the entire CNF. The microstructure observed in the Pd-catalyzed fibers at the CNF-metal interface has the potential to lower contact resistance significantly, as our electrical measurements using current-sensing atomic force microscopy indicate. A structural model is presented based on STEM image analysis.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Surface nanoscale periodic structures in congruent lithium niobate by domain reversal patterning and differential etching

Simonetta Grilli, Pietro Ferraro, Paolo De Natale, Bruno Tiribilli, and Massimo Vassalli

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233106 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2137877 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 29 November 2005

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We report on the fabrication and characterization of one- and two-dimensional periodic structures down to 200 nm size, in congruent lithium niobate crystal samples. Periods from 2 μm to 530 nm are investigated. Interference photolithography is used to obtain short pitch insulating gratings, and subsequent electric-field poling, at the overpoling regime, is performed for periodic domain inversion. Nanoscale structures are obtained by selective chemical etching, and topographic investigations are performed by atomic force microscope. The fabricated structures are attractive in nonlinear optics for short-wavelength conversion and in the field of photonic crystals for Bragg and band-gap applications.
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77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Role of ions in pool boiling heat transfer of pure and silica nanofluids

Denitsa Milanova and Ranganathan Kumar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233107 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2138805 (3 pages) | Cited 50 times

Online Publication Date: 29 November 2005

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Heat transfer in silica nanofluids at different acidity and base is measured for various ionic concentrations in a pool boiling experiment. Nanosilica suspension increases the critical heat flux 3 times compared to conventional fluids. The 10-nm particles possess a thicker double diffuse layer compared to 20-nm particles. The catalytic properties of nanofluids decrease in the presence of salts, allowing the particles to cluster and minimize the potential increase in heat transfer. Nanofluids in a strong electrolyte, i.e., in high ionic concentration, allow a higher critical heat flux than in buffer solutions because of the difference in surface area. The formation and surface structure of the deposition affect the thermal properties of the liquid.
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44.35.+c Heat flow in multiphase systems

Strain dependent facet stabilization in selective-area heteroepitaxial growth of GaN nanostructures

F. Shahedipour-Sandvik, J. Grandusky, A. Alizadeh, C. Keimel, S. P. Ganti, S. T. Taylor, S. F. LeBoeuf, and P. Sharma

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233108 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2131199 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 29 November 2005

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We report on the selective-area heteroepitaxy and facet evolution of submicron GaN islands on GaN-sapphire, AlN-sapphire, and bare sapphire substrates. It is shown that strain due to the lattice mismatch between GaN and the underlying substrate has a significant influence on the final morphology and faceting of submicron islands. Under identical metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth parameters, islands with low or no mismatch strain exhibit pyramidal morphologies, while highly strained islands evolve into prismatic shapes. Furthermore, islands grown with relatively low compressive mismatch strain yield more uniform arrays of pyramids as compared to the nonstrained, homoepitaxially grown crystals. It is proposed that the strain dependency of Ehrlich-Schwoebel barriers across different crystallographic planes could potentially account for the observed morphologies during selective area growth of GaN islands.
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81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep

Atomic-scale mechanisms of selective adsorption and dimerization of pentacene on Si surfaces

L. Tsetseris and S. T. Pantelides

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233109 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2139989 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 29 November 2005

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We report results of first-principles calculations in terms of which we elucidate the mechanisms for nucleation and initial growth of pentacene films on Si. Pentacene molecules bond in flat, distorted configurations on bare surfaces. On H-passivated surfaces, direct bonding or H replacement are not energetically favored. However, molecules bond in an upright configuration at isolated depassivated Si dangling bonds and film growth continues over the passivated area. The results elucidate generic adsorption issues on inert surfaces and suggest procedures for controlling film growth.
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81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
68.43.Bc Ab initio calculations of adsorbate structure and reactions
81.65.Rv Passivation

Fabrication of versatile nanocomponents using single-crystalline Au nanoplates

Yong Ju Yun, Gwangseo Park, Chil Seong Ah, Hyung Ju Park, Wan Soo Yun, and Dong Han Ha

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233110 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2140089 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2005

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We suggest an approach to the fabrication of versatile nanocomponents designed deliberately by selective Ga+ focused-ion-beam etching or Ar+ ion milling of single-crystalline Au nanoplates synthesized by the chemical reaction. The nanocomponents have various shapes like gear, wheel, dumbbell, square and letter “A” with in-plane size of about 400 nm and thickness of 40–50 nm. They can be picked up or moved freely one by one to be assembled into sophisticated nanodevices or micromachines. The applicability of our approach both to the fundamental research and to the applied research is discussed.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
81.20.Wk Machining, milling
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Impact of the capping layers on lateral confinement in InAs/InP quantum dots for 1.55 μm laser applications studied by magnetophotoluminescence

C. Cornet, C. Levallois, P. Caroff, H. Folliot, C. Labbé, J. Even, A. Le Corre, S. Loualiche, M. Hayne, and V. V. Moshchalkov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233111 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2132527 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2005

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We have used magnetophotoluminescence to study the impact of different capping layer material combinations (InP, GaInAsP quaternary alloy, or both InP and quaternary alloy) on lateral confinement in InAs/InP quantum dots (QDs) grown on (311)B orientated substrates. Exciton effective masses, Bohr radii, and binding energies are measured for these samples. Conclusions regarding the strength of the lateral confinement in the different samples are supported by photoluminescence at high excitation power. Contrary to theoretical predictions, InAs QDs in quaternary alloy are found to have better confinement properties than InAs/InP QDs. This is attributed to a lack of lateral intermixing with the quaternary alloy, which is present when InP is used to (partially) cap the dots. The implications of the results for reducing the temperature sensitivity of QD lasers are discussed.
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78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
73.21.La Quantum dots
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena

Fe-encapsulated carbon nanotubes: Nanoelectromagnets

Yi-Chun Su and Wen-Kuang Hsu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233112 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2138674 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2005

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Existence of chiral current in carbon nanotubes is verified by the presence of inductive phase. The magnetic strength at the center of nanotubes can be magnified by encapsulation of Fe.
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75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities

Top-down structure and device fabrication using in situ nanomachining

Xiaodong Li, Xinnan Wang, Qihua Xiong, and Peter C. Eklund

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233113 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2139991 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 1 December 2005

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We demonstrate the potential of an alternative tool for the fabrication of nanoscale structures and devices. A nanoindenter integrated with an atomic force microscope is shown to be a powerful machine tool for cutting precise length nanowires or nanobelts and for manipulating the shortened wires. We also demonstrate its utility in cutting grooves and fabricating dents (or periodic arrays of dents) in ZnS nanobelts. This approach permits the direct mechanical machining of nanodevices that are supported on a substrate without the inherent complications of e beam or photolithography.
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81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
81.20.Wk Machining, milling
06.60.Vz Workshop procedures (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.)

Purcell effect for CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots placed into hybrid micropillars

I. C. Robin, R. André, A. Balocchi, S. Carayon, S. Moehl, J. M. Gérard, and L. Ferlazzo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233114 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2136433 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 1 December 2005

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This letter reports the observation of the Purcell effect for CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots located in a hybrid micropillar. The sample consist of a λ/2‐ZnSe cavity sandwiched between two SiO2/TiO2 Bragg reflectors. Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements on a series of single-quantum dots were used to probe the Purcell effect in a 1.1 μm diameter pillar. A three-fold enhancement of quantum-dot spontaneous emission rate is observed for quantum dots in resonance with excited degenerated modes of the pillar. The variation of the PL decay shortening from dot to dot is interpreted calculating the theoretical maximal Purcell factor for the different modes resonant with the dots.
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78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors

Carbon nanotube based nonvolatile memory

J. P. Hollingsworth and P. R. Bandaru

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233115 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2139847 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 2 December 2005

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We propose the use of carbon-nanotube based vacuum microelectronics for a nonvolatile memory core. A design that can be implemented with state-of-the art nanotube fabrication techniques is presented and nonvolatile memory operation, up to 0.25 GHz, is shown to be feasible through circuit simulations. When integrated with flip-chip technology, this type of memory offers a possible solution to the problem of flash memory scaling coupled with the advantages of high density integrated circuitry and a faster speed of operation.
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85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.45.Bz Vacuum microelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling
84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits

Thermal stability of sputter-deposited 330 austenitic stainless-steel thin films with nanoscale growth twins

X. Zhang, A. Misra, H. Wang, J. G. Swadener, A. L. Lima, M. F. Hundley, and R. G. Hoagland

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233116 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2135871 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 2 December 2005

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We have explored the thermal stability of nanoscale growth twins in sputter-deposited 330 stainless-steel (SS) films by vacuum annealing up to 500 °C. In spite of an average twin spacing of only 4 nm in the as-deposited films, no detectable variation in the twin spacing or orientation of twin interfaces was observed after annealing. An increase in the average columnar grain size was observed after annealing. The hardness of 330 SS films increases after annealing, from 7 GPa for as-deposited films to around 8 GPa for annealed films, while the electrical resistivity decreases slightly after annealing. The changes in mechanical and electrical properties after annealing are interpreted in terms of the corresponding changes in the residual stress and microstructure of the films.
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68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
62.25.-g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Bridge-enhanced nanoscale impedance microscopy

L. S. C. Pingree and M. C. Hersam

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233117 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2137874 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 2 December 2005

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A conductive atomic force microscopy (cAFM) technique has been developed that is capable of quantitatively measuring the magnitude and phase of alternating current flow through the tip/sample junction with a five order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity. Bridge-enhanced nanoscale impedance microscopy (BE-NIM) uses a tunable resistor/capacitor bridge circuit to null the spurious contribution to the tip/sample current caused by fringe capacitance between the cAFM cantilever and the sample. As a proof of principle, BE-NIM is used to characterize an array of electron-beam lithographically patterned metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors and compared directly to conventional nanoscale impedance microscopy. In addition, BE-NIM is applied to a multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(m-phenylenevinylene-co-2,5-dioctyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene) nanocomposite material, on which the alternating current behavior of individual nanoscale conductive pathways is quantitatively probed.
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07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
84.32.Tt Capacitors
84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)

Approach for fabricating microgated field-emission arrays with individual carbon nanotube emitters

Ming Q. Ding, Wen S. Shao, Xing H. Li, Guo D. Bai, Fu Q. Zhang, Han Y. Li, and Jin J. Feng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233118 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2140474 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 2 December 2005

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We propose an approach for fabricating microgated field-emission arrays (FEAs) with individual carbon nanotube (CNT) emitters. Beginning with the fabrication of microgated cell arrays, the process involves depositing a sacrificial layer at a glancing angle to close in the aperture that a small area catalyst can be placed on the bottom of the cells (for type A) or on the predeposited Mo tips (for type B); then, vertically aligned CNTs are grown by a dc plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition following a lift-off process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of both types of CNT FEAs show a large percentage of emitters with single, double or triple CNTs. For a 5×5 type B CNT FEA, at a gate voltage of 100 V, an average anode current reaches 1.4 μA per cell while the gate current is less than 5% of the anode current.
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85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Effect of ion beam energy and polymer weight on the thickness of nanowires produced by ion bombardment of polystyrene thin films

Satoshi Tsukuda, Shu Seki, Seiichi Tagawa, and Masaki Sugimoto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 233119 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2139992 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 2 December 2005

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Exposure of polystyrene to MeV-order heavy-ion beams produces nanowires by cross-linking along ion tracks. The chemical core of these ion tracks is visualized, and the dependence of the diameter of the nanowires on the linear energy transfer of the ion beam and molecular weight of the polymer are investigated precisely based on the model of transformation of a nanowire cross section into an ellipse. an equation is derived to predict the radius (5.6–27.6 nm) of the chemical core considering the energy density required for gelation of the polymer, and the validity of the relation is confirmed against experimental results.
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81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
36.20.Cw Molecular weights, dispersity
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