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18 Jul 2005

Volume 87, Issue 3, Articles (03xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 033501 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1992665 (3 pages)

Yoshihito Miyoshi, Fumito Nakajima, Junichi Motohisa, and Takashi Fukui
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True atomic resolution in liquid by frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy

Takeshi Fukuma, Kei Kobayashi, Kazumi Matsushige, and Hirofumi Yamada

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 034101 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1999856 (3 pages) | Cited 83 times

Online Publication Date: 12 July 2005

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True atomic resolution of frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy in liquid is demonstrated. Hexagonal lattice of a cleaved (001) surface of muscovite mica is resolved in water. Nonperiodic structures such as defects and adsorbates are simultaneously imaged with the atomic-scale features of mica surface. The use of small oscillation amplitude (0.16–0.33 nm) of a force sensing cantilever allows us to obtain vertical and lateral resolutions of 2–6 and 300 pm, respectively, even with a low Q factor in water (Q = 20–30).
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91.30.Bi Seismic sources (mechanisms, magnitude, moment frequency spectrum)
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes

Superconducting metamaterials

Michael Ricci, Nathan Orloff, and Steven M. Anlage

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 034102 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1996844 (3 pages) | Cited 42 times

Online Publication Date: 13 July 2005

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Evanescent wave amplification has been predicted under the ideal condition that the index of refraction, n = −1+i0 precisely, but is difficult to observe in practice because current metamaterials suffer from high losses. We present experimental results on a metamaterial that employs superconducting Nb metals and low-loss dielectric materials. Results include transmission data on a wire, split-ring resonator, and a combination medium at temperatures between 4.2 and 297 K. Evidence of negative effective permittivity, permeability, and a negative effective index passband are seen in the superconducting state between 50 MHz and 18 GHz. We find a dielectric loss of εeff,2 = 2.6×10−3 in a superconducting wire array at 10.75 GHz.
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42.70.-a Optical materials
42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and binary compounds (including A15, MgB2, etc.)
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation

Controllable generation of highly stripped ions with different charges by nanosecond laser ionization of clusters at different wavelengths

Dongmei Niu, Haiyang Li, Feng Liang, Xiaolin Luo, and Lihua Wen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 034103 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1997281 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 13 July 2005

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We report an effective method to selectively produce highly charged ions by photoionization of cluster beams using commercial nanosecond Nd:yttrium–aluminum–garnet lasers at different wavelengths. He-like ions of C4+, N5+, O6+, S6+ and highly charged Xeq+ (q ∼ 19) ions are produced when cluster beams of benzene, ammonia, acetone, hydrogen sulfide, and xenon are irradiated, respectively, by 1064 nm laser with intensity of ∼ 1011 W/cm2. While the cluster beams are irradiated by 532 nm laser of similar intensity, the ions of the highest charge state switch to C3+, N3+, O3+, S4+ and Xe11+, respectively.
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32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions
36.40.-c Atomic and molecular clusters
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Three-dimensional imaging of individual hafnium atoms inside a semiconductor device

Klaus van Benthem, Andrew R. Lupini, Miyoung Kim, Hion Suck Baik, SeokJoo Doh, Jong-Ho Lee, Mark P. Oxley, Scott D. Findlay, Leslie J. Allen, Julia T. Luck, and Stephen J. Pennycook

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 034104 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1991989 (3 pages) | Cited 86 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2005

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The aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope allows probes to be formed with less than 1-Å diameter, providing sufficient sensitivity to observe individual Hf atoms within the SiO2 passivating layer of a HfO2/SiO2/Si alternative gate dielectric stack. Furthermore, the depth resolution is sufficient to localize the atom positions to half-nanometer precision in the third dimension. From a through-focal series of images, we demonstrate a three-dimensional reconstruction of the Hf atom sites, representing a three-dimensional map of potential breakdown sites within the gate dielectric.
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68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling
77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.
61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness

Investigation of inflammable liquids by terahertz spectroscopy

Takeshi Ikeda, Akira Matsushita, Michiaki Tatsuno, Yukio Minami, Mariko Yamaguchi, Kohji Yamamoto, Masahiko Tani, and Masanori Hangyo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 034105 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1999847 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 14 July 2005

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We have examined a nondestructive and contactless screening method for water and inflammable liquids stored in common beverage plastic bottles by the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. No THz transmission has been observed between 10 and 60 cm−1 for 45-mm-thick water in plastic bottles. Part of the THz wave, on the other hand, has been transmitted through the commercially available inflammable liquids in the same bottles. The differences in the absorption intensities and the refractive indices in the THz region, which reflect the ingredients of organic compounds, allow us to distinguish these inflammable liquids. We confirm that the screening method based on the THz transmission can be applied to classifying the commercially available inflammable liquids stored in plastic bottles and to distinguishing these inflammable liquids from water as well.
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78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
81.70.Fy Nondestructive testing: optical methods
82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions

Multi-channel homodyne detection of continuous-wave terahertz radiation

I. S. Gregory, W. R. Tribe, M. J. Evans, T. D. Drysdale, D. R. S. Cumming, and M. Missous

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 034106 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1990249 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 15 July 2005

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We demonstrate the principle of multichannel spectral data capture using an all-optoelectronic terahertz photomixing system. Two independent laser diodes, each emitting in multiple longitudinal modes, are used to generate and detect over ten terahertz frequencies simultaneously. The spectral composition can be altered by tuning the lasers, and filtering is achieved through the use of resonant antennas and tunable photonic crystal filters. Potential applications include gas phase spectroscopy and explosives detection.
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84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology
85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
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