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8 Aug 2005

Volume 87, Issue 6, Articles (06xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061103 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2008357 (3 pages)

Y. C. Zhong, S. A. Zhu, H. M. Su, H. Z. Wang, J. M. Chen, Z. H. Zeng, and Y. L. Chen
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Asynchronous optical sampling terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for ultrahigh spectral resolution and rapid data acquisition

Takeshi Yasui, Eisuke Saneyoshi, and Tsutomu Araki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061101 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2008379 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 1 August 2005

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We propose a terahertz time-domain spectrometer based on asynchronous optical sampling. The spectrometer features ultrahigh spectral resolution equivalent to a laser mode-locked frequency and rapid data acquisition. The proposed method requires no mechanical translation stages for time-delay scanning, and hence, overcomes the inherent tradeoff between frequency resolution and data acquisition time. Time evolution of the picosecond terahertz pulse with a temporal window of 12.1 ns is measured directly on an oscilloscope using a time-scale magnification of 764 815. A frequency resolution of 82.6 MHz is achieved at a measurement time of 10 s. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by comparing it with conventional stage-scanning terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
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07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

Seeded amplification of colored conical emission via spatiotemporal modulational instability

Heping Zeng, Kun Wu, Han Xu, and Jian Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061102 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2009059 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 1 August 2005

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Seeded amplification of colored conical emission was realized by means of parametric wave mixing via spatiotemporal modulational instabilities in a thick β-barium borate crystal, where an accurately synchronized white-light supercontinuum seed pulse obtained exponential growth along the conical angle under infrared fundamental pump, leading to the generation of a broadband upconverted pulse.
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42.65.Sf Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical chaos and complexity, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation

Photonic crystal with diamondlike structure fabricated by holographic lithography

Y. C. Zhong, S. A. Zhu, H. M. Su, H. Z. Wang, J. M. Chen, Z. H. Zeng, and Y. L. Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061103 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2008357 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 2 August 2005

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In this letter, we report a diamondlike structure. Our theoretical analysis reveals that a large complete band gap exists between the second and third bands with only a very low refractive index is needed (n ≥ 2.05) to open the complete band gap for this inverse structure. Large-scale and high-quality three-dimensional structures with this diamondlike symmetry are fabricated by a holographic lithography method using four laser beams incident from the same half-space. The beam geometry is similar to that for the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure except that the central beam is circularly polarized and the polarizations of the three outer beams must be optimized, which is critical to construct this diamondlike interference pattern.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques
42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques

Anisotropic thermal properties of monoclinic Yb:KLu(WO4)2 crystals

Jianxiu Zhang, Kunpeng Wang, Jiyang Wang, Huaijin Zhang, Wentao Yu, Xuping Wang, Zhengping Wang, Qingming Lu, Mingfang Ba, D. G. Ran, Z. C. Ling, and H. R. Xia

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061104 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2008360 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 2 August 2005

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Yb:KLu(WO4)2 (KLuW) crystals with large size and good optical quality have been grown by the top-seeded solution growth (TSSG) method. The melting point and specific heat, anisotropic thermal expansion and thermal conductivity have been measured. The Jackson factor α of a series of observed faces (hkl) on Yb:KLuW crystals have been calculated. In addition, the microhardness has also been measured. We find that the thermal expansion anisotropy of Yb:KLuW is weaker than KGd(WO4)2 (KGW) and KYb(WO4)2 (KYbW) and the thermal conductivity is up to 4.4 W m−1 k−1 along [205] directions at 25 °C, which is the greatest in their family.
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65.40.Ba Heat capacity
65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
78.20.N- Thermo-optic effects
78.20.nb Photothermal effects
81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
64.70.D- Solid-liquid transitions
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials

Electric field controlled polarization grating based on a hybrid structure “photosensitive polymer-liquid crystal”

L. M. Blinov, G. Cipparrone, A. Mazzulla, C. Provenzano, S. P. Palto, M. I. Barnik, A. V. Arbuzov, and B. A. Umanskii

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061105 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2009064 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 2 August 2005

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An investigation was carried out on a hybrid structure consisting of a photosensitive polymer in contact with a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) layer. Before assembling the structure, holographic gratings of different periods were recorded in the photopolymer by two laser beams with opposite circular polarization. Such gratings are known for their unique asymmetric diffraction in case of elliptically polarized light and can be used in optical polarization devices. Due to a spatial modulation of the direction of the local optical axis, the photopolymer modulates the anchoring conditions for NLC in a similar way. As a result, a new grating is induced in NLC with the enhanced diffraction efficiency (in a particular experiment it was four orders of magnitude higher than that of the photopolymer). The NLC grating also shows the characteristic asymmetric diffraction for the reconstructing beams of opposite circular polarizations. The diffraction efficiency is easily controlled by an external electric field.
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42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
42.70.Df Liquid crystals
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics

Theoretical and experimental investigation of strongly localized plasmons on triangular metal wedges for subwavelength waveguiding

D. F. P. Pile, T. Ogawa, D. K. Gramotnev, T. Okamoto, M. Haraguchi, M. Fukui, and S. Matsuo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061106 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1991990 (3 pages) | Cited 87 times

Online Publication Date: 3 August 2005

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We report numerical analysis and experimental observation of strongly localized plasmons guided by a triangular metal wedge. Dispersion and dissipation of such wedge plasmons are analyzed using the finite-difference time-domain algorithm. Experimental observation is conducted by the end-fire excitation and near-field detection of the predicted plasmons on a 40° silver nanowedge. Good agreement with the theoretically predicted propagation distances is demonstrated. Differences between the theoretical and experimental field distribution are explained by insufficient resolution of the near-field optical probe.
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78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
73.22.Lp Collective excitations
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers

Experimental demonstration of complete photonic band gap in two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs

Sei-ichi Takayama, Hitoshi Kitagawa, Yoshinori Tanaka, Takashi Asano, and Susumu Noda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061107 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2009060 (3 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 3 August 2005

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The realization of a photonic band gap (PBG)—not only for transverse electric (TE), but also transverse magnetic (TM)-like polarization modes in two-dimensional photonic crystal slab—is of interest for various applications. Such a complete PBG has been investigated theoretically in two-dimensional structures of which thickness is infinity. However, a complete PBG has not been demonstrated in feasible two-dimensional slab structure. In this letter, we propose two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs consisting of a triangular lattice of triangular air holes to achieve a complete PBG, and report the transmission spectra of fabricated samples. The results indicate that the degeneracy between the first and second band at the J point for TM-like polarization mode is solved, and PBG for TM-like polarization mode is obtained. Finally, we confirm the overlap of PBG between TE- and TM-like polarization modes.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials

Enhancement of terahertz radiation from photoconductors by elliptically focused excitation

Dae Sin Kim and D. S. Citrin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061108 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2009080 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 4 August 2005

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Based on simulations from a detailed Monte Carlo Poisson solver, we show that the effects of photoinduced screening of the bias field as a function of optical spot shape for ultrafast excitation of photoconductors to generate terahertz transients leads to alteration of the temporal shape of the terahertz transients related to the photoexcited carrier drift velocity. The results of the simulations demonstrate that given the same photoexcited carrier density, a line focus parallel to the direction of the bias field suppresses saturation at high optical fluence due to space-charge screening and enhances the peak terahertz power in the time domain.
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72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
02.50.Ng Distribution theory and Monte Carlo studies

Probe of the Si nanoclusters to Er3+ energy transfer dynamics by double-pulse excitation

M. Falconieri, E. Borsella, L. De Dominicis, F. Enrichi, G. Franzò, F. Priolo, F. Iacona, F. Gourbilleau, and R. Rizk

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061109 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2001753 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 4 August 2005

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In this letter the dynamics of the energy transfer (ET) process from amorphous silicon nanoclusters (Si-nc) to Er3+ ions is investigated in co-doped silica glasses. Using a double pulse setup the recovery time of the sensitizing effect is monitored and direct evidence is found for the occurrence of a fast (few hundreds ns) ET process in a sample containing large (2 nm) aggregates, while a slower transfer time of few microseconds is revealed in a sample containing very small (<1 nm) aggregates.
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78.55.−m
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
81.40.Tv Optical and dielectric properties related to treatment conditions

Highly efficient and bright electroluminescent Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2/Alq3 device

Chong-Yang Liu and Allen J. Bard

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061110 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2009079 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 5 August 2005

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Electroluminescent devices of indium tin oxide (ITO)/Alq3(212 nm)/Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2(100 nm)/Ga:In were fabricated and showed high external quantum and power efficiencies, of 6.4% and 5.3%, respectively, at an optical output power of 0.4 mW/cm2 under a bias of 2.3 V. At a higher bias voltage (>2.7 V), the output power was well above 10 mW/cm2, but with a lower efficiency. Light emission occurred at the interface between Alq3 and Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2, whose relative energies of both excited and ground states were offset, ideal for confining both charge carriers and minimizing the quenching of the Ru(bpy)32+ excited state. By comparison, in a single layer device without Alq3, the emission zone was located at the ITO interface where excited states were quenched and electron injection from the reduced molecules to the ITO contact produced a unipolar current and thus lower efficiency.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices

Silicon membrane resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetector

B. W. Cheng, C. B. Li, F. Yao, C. L. Xue, J. G. Zhang, R. W. Mao, Y. H. Zuo, L. P. Luo, and Q. M. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061111 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2009822 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 5 August 2005

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A Si resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) photodiode was fabricated on a silicon membrane. The Si membrane was formed by etching from the back side of the silicon-on-insulator substrate with the buried SiO2 layer as etch-stop layer. A gold layer was deposited serving as an electrode layer and bottom mirror of the RCE photodiode. The photodiode had an external quantum efficiency of 33.8% at the resonant wavelength of 848 nm and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 17 nm. The responsivity was 4.6 times that of a conventional Si p‐i‐n photodiode with the same absorption layer thickness.
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85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning

Side-chain electro-optic polymer modulator with wide thermal stability ranging from −46 °C to 95 °C for fiber-optic gyroscope applications

Seong-Ku Kim, Yu-Chueh Hung, Byoung-Joon Seo, K. Geary, W. Yuan, B. Bortnik, H. R. Fetterman, C. Wang, W. H. Steier, and C. Zhang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061112 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2009807 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 5 August 2005

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Electro-optic (EO) polymer modulators with a wide range of thermal stability from −46 °C to 95 °C for fiber-optic gyroscope applications are reported. The synthesized EO side-chain polymer used has a glass transient temperature (Tg) of 200 °C and a large EO coefficient of 25.2 pm/V in a real device measurement. Mach–Zehnder (MZ) intensity and optical phase modulators are implemented based on this high-Tg side-chain EO polymer, exhibiting ∼ 3.75 V half-wave voltage with 1.5 cm interaction length and 2.3 cm total length at 1.55 μm wavelength. The optical fiber-to-lens insertion loss is ∼ 7.5 dB in the MZ interferometers and ∼ 6 dB in the straight waveguides. We examine the long-term thermal stability of these devices and demonstrate their ability to meet the strict requirements of various EO device applications, particularly fiber-optic gyroscopes.
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42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
07.60.Ly Interferometers
42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques
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