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6 Mar 2006

Volume 88, Issue 10, Articles (10xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 103107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2182096 (3 pages)

A. B. Djurišić, Y. H. Leung, K. H. Tam, L. Ding, W. K. Ge, H. Y. Chen, and S. Gwo
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Electric field enhancement by a nanometer-scaled conical metal tip in the context of scattering-type near-field optical microscopy

A. V. Goncharenko, M. M. Dvoynenko, Hung-Chih Chang, and Juen-Kai Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 104101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2183362 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2006

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We present a numerical study of the electric field enhancement in the immediate vicinity of the apex of a conical silver tip and show that an optimal cone angle exists, allowing one to maximize the electric field. This angle depends on the tip length, the wavelength, as well as on the distance from the apex to the observation point. So both the angle and length of the tip can be considered as parameters to adjust the peak enhancement resonant position for a laser source wavelength. At the same time, reducing the cone angle does not ensure a concurrent increase in the electric field enhancement. A simple qualitative interpretation is proposed to explain this phenomenon based on competition of two mechanisms affecting the electric field near the tip apex. The results obtained show that the point-like dipole approximation is invalid for description of the field enhancement of a finite-size metal tip in the case of scattering-type near-field optical microscopy. One more conclusion is that the model of a sharp semi-infinite perfectly conducting tip is also not adequate in our case.
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07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes

Morphological instability of failure fronts

M. A. Grinfeld, S. E. Schoenfeld, and T. W. Wright

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 104102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2182007 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2006

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There are various observations and experiments showing that, in addition to standard shock-wave fronts, which propagate with high trans-sonic velocities, some other much slower wave fronts can propagate within substance undergoing intensive damage. These moving fronts propagate within intact substance leaving behind them intensively damaged substance. These fronts were coined as failure waves. The failure waves can be modeled differently—in this letter they are modeled as sharp interfaces separating two states: the intact and comminuted states. Several penetration experiments with transparent glasses and ceramics have shown that failure fronts have an extremely rough morphology. We suggest a simple thermodynamic theory which allows interpreting appearance of the roughness as a manifestation of morphological instability of failure fronts. For the case of isotropic phases the instability criterion is presented in explicit form.
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62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and silicides)
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)

Passive imaging of localized reflectors and interfaces in open media

Eric Larose, Gabriel Montaldo, Arnaud Derode, and Michel Campillo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 104103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2186112 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2006

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Previous experiments in open media showed the possibility of reconstructing the direct (ballistic) wave between two passive sensors from the time correlations of elastic or acoustic scattered wave fields. Here we illustrate how the passive imaging technique can also retrieve detailed features of the Green’s function, beyond the ballistic wave. Two ultrasonic experiments are presented. In the first one we reconstruct the complete signature of two well-separated scatterers with a perfect distribution of distant sources. In the second experiment we image an aluminum/water interface with only a few sources. The lack of sources is compensated for by taking advantage of a multiple scattering slab.
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Two-terminal longitudinal hotwire sensor for monitoring the position and speed of advancing liquid fronts in microfluidic channels

Kee Suk Ryu, Kashan Shaikh, Edgar Goluch, and Chang Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 104104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2180447 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2006

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We report a simple and practical sensor for monitoring both the absolute position and advancing speed of liquid front in a microfluidic channel. The sensor consists of a longitudinal hot wire element—a two-terminal electrical device, with its length spanning the entire channel. The design, materials, fabrication method, and use of this sensor are extremely simple. Characterization results are presented.
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07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)
47.80.Cb Velocity measurements
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
47.85.Np Fluidics
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems

Edge effects in intermetallic compound crystal growth between Nb and molten 52In–48Sn solder

J. F. Li, S. H. Mannan, and M. P. Clode

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 104105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2186392 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 10 March 2006

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A solder/substrate couple consisting of a Nb substrate and eutectic 52In–48Sn solder shows promise for high-temperature liquid solder interconnects. In this letter, the intermetallic compound (IMC) crystal growth between vacuum-sputtered Nb film and molten 52In–48Sn solder at four temperatures; 192, 220, 240, and 260 °C, was investigated employing samples with a solder/substrate interface area of 7 mm by 7 mm. It was found that at all four temperatures, the IMC crystals nucleated and grew first at the corners of the substrate, followed by the edges, and then gradually covered the entire interface. This result, can be explained if the initiation of IMC crystal growth is diffusion controlled, and the value of the Nb diffusion coefficient is estimated with the aid of a three-dimensional numerical simulation.
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68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation
64.60.Q- Nucleation

Morphological variations as nonstandard test parameters for the response to pollutant gas concentration: An application to Ruthenium Phthalocyanine sensing films

A. Generosi, B. Paci, V. Rossi Albertini, P. Perfetti, A. M. Paoletti, G. Pennesi, G. Rossi, and R. Caminiti

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 104106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2183817 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 10 March 2006

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A systematic time-resolved energy dispersive x-ray reflectometry study was performed in situ on Ruthenium Phthalocyanine thin fims to estimate the morphological detection limits of this material as NO2 transducer and the influence of the gas concentration on the gas-film interaction mechanisms. The work validates the use of this unconventional method—based on the observation of the morphological parameters change—for evaluating the response of novel sensing materials in alternative to more standard procedures. Indeed, the morphological monitoring is shown to be sensitive to the gas concentration in a range comparable to the usual electroresistive measurements. Moreover, while the latter is only able to give the information on whether the gas is interacting with the sensor, the former is also able to discriminate among interaction processes of a different nature (in the present case the interaction limited to the film surface and the one involving the material bulk).
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07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
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