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27 Mar 2006

Volume 88, Issue 13, Articles (13xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 133105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2189203 (3 pages)

Premila Mohan, Junichi Motohisa, and Takashi Fukui
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Tritium locked in silica using 248 nm KrF laser irradiation

Baojun Liu, Kevin P. Chen, Nazir P. Kherani, Stefan Zukotynski, and Armando B. Antoniazzi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2188384 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 28 March 2006

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In this Letter we report on selectively occluding tritium in a silica film on a silicon substrate using a combination of high-pressure tritium loading and 248 nm KrF laser irradiation. Sixty percent of tritium dissolved in the silica film was bonded by laser irradiation. The concentration of the bonded tritium was proportional to the total laser fluence. Tritium effusion experiments indicated that the laser-locked tritium existed stably in the glass matrix up to 400 °C. In this work we point a way to a safe and simple approach for the integration of on-chip radioisotope micropower sources for micromechanical and microelectronic applications.
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42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.62.-b Laser applications
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
29.25.Rm Sources of radioactive nuclei

Mass transfer and chemical reactions in reactive deformable bubble swarms

Athanas Koynov, Grétar Tryggvason, Michael Schlüter, and Johannes G. Khinast

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2188054 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 29 March 2006

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A hybrid numerical/experimental technique was developed for the study of the impact of the multiphase hydrodynamics on mass transfer and chemical reactions at deformable interfaces. Different material properties and flow conditions can yield flows with qualitatively different mass transfer and transport characteristics. As many (bio-) reaction systems exhibit sensitivity to mass transport in general, and mixing specifically, it is possible to control their product distribution by tailoring the system parameters.
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47.55.D- Drops and bubbles
47.55.Ca Gas/liquid flows
47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows
47.63.-b Biological fluid dynamics
47.51.+a Mixing
47.11.-j Computational methods in fluid dynamics

Enhancement and patterning of ultraviolet emission in ZnO with an electron beam

Rongguo Xie, Takashi Sekiguchi, Takamasa Ishigaki, Naoki Ohashi, Dongsheng Li, Deren Yang, Baodan Liu, and Yoshio Bando

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2189200 (3 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 29 March 2006

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An intense enhancement of ultraviolet (UV) emission was observed in various kinds of ZnO samples that were prepared using a wet chemical method when they were under electron-beam irradiation. The UV emission can increase to more than two times its initial value, whereas the visible emission reduces to a negligible value. We suggest that this enhancement effect mainly results from electron-stimulated desorption of adsorbed water. Applying this effect, we have developed a simple technique of directly writing submicrometer UV emission patterns in ZnO with an electron beam without changing the material’s surface morphology.
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81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
68.43.Rs Electron stimulated desorption
79.20.La Photon- and electron-stimulated desorption
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)

Pseudopotential band structures of rocksalt MgO, ZnO, and Mg1−xZnxO

Daniel Fritsch, Heidemarie Schmidt, and Marius Grundmann

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134104 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2188382 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 29 March 2006

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The electronic properties of the rocksalt group-II oxides MgO and ZnO are investigated by means of the empirical pseudopotential method. Using a simple empty core model potential and experimentally known low-temperature transition energies of rocksalt MgO and wurtzite ZnO, we obtained cationic model potential parameters for Mg and Zn atoms, respectively. Making use of the transferability of ionic model potential parameters, we obtained one single set of anionic model potential parameters for the O atom. The electronic properties of the Mg1−xZnxO alloy system are investigated by means of the virtual crystal approximation for x<0.5 in the rocksalt phase.
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71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
71.15.Dx Computational methodology (Brillouin zone sampling, iterative diagonalization, pseudopotential construction)

Conformational changes at polymer gel interfaces upon saturation with various liquids studied by infrared-visible sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

S. J. Kweskin, K. Komvopoulos, and G. A. Somorjai

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134105 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2188388 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 29 March 2006

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Molecular restructuring at the free surface of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) films and the buried interface with a sapphire substrate due to submersion into deuterated water (D2O) and acetonitrile (d3ACN) was investigated by infrared-visible sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. Film hydration by saturation with D2O and d3ACN resulted in polymer swelling. Because of the amphiphilic nature of PHEMA, direct information about polymer restructuring was obtained due to the existence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. SFG results provided insight into the restructuring behavior at the PHEMA surface and buried interface upon swelling due to the diffusion of the two different liquids.
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61.25.H- Macromolecular and polymers solutions; polymer melts
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
78.30.C- Liquids
78.40.Dw Liquids
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
66.10.C- Diffusion and thermal diffusion

A near-field scanned microwave probe for spatially localized electrical metrology

Vladimir V. Talanov, André Scherz, Robert L. Moreland, and Andrew R. Schwartz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134106 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2189147 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 30 March 2006

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We have developed a near-field scanned microwave probe with a sampling volume of approximately 10 μm in diameter, which is the smallest one achieved in near-field microwave microscopy. This volume is defined to confine >99% of the probe’s net sampling reactive energy, thus making the response virtually independent of the sample properties outside of this region. The probe is formed by a 4 GHz balanced stripline resonator tapered down to a few-micrometer tip size and provides noncontact, noninvasive measurement capability. It is uniquely suited for spatially localized electrical metrology applications, such as evaluation of Cu/low-k interconnects on semiconductor production wafers.
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07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines

Frequency-controlled interaction between magnetic microspheres

Xu Zhang, Liyu Liu, Yabing Qi, Zhengyou Liu, Jing Shi, and Weijia Wen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134107 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2189830 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 30 March 2006

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We show that the interaction between magnetic microspheres, fabricated by coating glass microspheres with a layer of nickel, can be controlled by varying the frequency of the applied magnetic field. By floating two such microspheres on the meniscus of glycerin and applying an ac magnetic field, it is shown that the spheres achieve an equilibrium separation owing to the balance between the repulsive dipole-dipole interaction and the “attractive” force due to the weight of the particles. A monotonic decrease of the magnetorheological effect with frequency increasing is observed. Good agreement between theory and experiment is observed.
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83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological fluids
75.20.Ck Nonmetals
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions

Electrically small isotropic three-dimensional magnetic resonators for metamaterial design

J. D. Baena, L. Jelinek, R. Marqués, and J. Zehentner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134108 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2190442 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 30 March 2006

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The problem of the design of artificial magnetic resonators for isotropic metamaterials is addressed. The internal symmetries that ensure an isotropic behavior of such resonators are analyzed and some specific designs based on the proper arrangement of modified split ring resonators are proposed. These proposals are validated by electromagnetic simulations and experiments. The reported results are likely to have applications in the design of devices such as negative refractive index materials, superlenses, and metasurfaces with isotropic response.
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42.70.-a Optical materials
42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems
42.15.Eq Optical system design
85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices

Optical waveguides via viscosity-mismatched microfluidic flows

Matt Brown, Tor Vestad, John Oakey, and David W. M. Marr

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134109 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2190487 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 30 March 2006

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This letter describes all-liquid optical waveguiding within microfluidic channels that employs viscosity-mismatched core and cladding fluids. Efficient optical coupling is achieved through superior control of fluid flow profiles obtained via hydrodynamic focusing and models describing the control of the viscosity-mismatched, graded index fluid waveguides are presented. As a demonstration of this approach, a fluorescence quantification assay is performed using dyed colloidal particles.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
42.79.Ry Gradient-index (GRIN) devices

Selective gas nanosensors with multisize CdSe nanocrystal/polymer composite films and dynamic pattern recognition

Radislav A. Potyrailo and Andrew M. Leach

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134110 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2190272 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 31 March 2006

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We introduce a concept for selective chemical sensing based on different size semiconductor nanocrystals incorporated into a preselected polymer matrix. When CdSe nanocrystals of different sizes (2.8 and 5.6 nm diam) were incorporated into a polymer film, each size of the nanocrystals demonstrated a distinct photoluminescence response pattern (excitation at λ = 407 nm) upon exposure to polar and nonpolar vapors in air at atmospheric pressure. When this composite response was processed using a multivariate analysis, a single film with different size CdSe nanocrystals served as a selective sensor.
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81.05.Qk Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds

Experimental study of the acoustic radiation strain in solids

Xavier Jacob, Ryota Takatsu, Christophe Barrière, and Daniel Royer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134111 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2191428 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 31 March 2006

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Measurements of the static displacement induced by the radiation stress associated with a longitudinal acoustic wave propagating in a solid are presented. Acoustic tone bursts were launched into fused silica and duraluminum samples. The static displacement was measured at the sample free surface with an optical interferometer. The role of the nonlinearity parameter and the variations of the dc pulse amplitude with the acoustic energy confirm results obtained by other authors. However, our conclusions on the dc pulse shape, on the influence of the tone burst duration, and of the propagation distance on the dc pulse amplitude are different.
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62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
43.25.Dc

Generation and detection of terahertz coherent transverse-polarized acoustic phonons by ultrafast optical excitation of GaAs/AlAs superlattices

R. N. Kini, A. J. Kent, N. M. Stanton, and M. Henini

Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 134112 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2191877 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 31 March 2006

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We have used femtosecond pump-probe techniques to generate and detect coherent transverse and quasitransverse polarized acoustic phonons in GaAs/AlAs superlattices. Direct generation of transverse phonons is achieved using superlattices grown on the low-symmetry, (311) and (211), crystal planes. The frequency of the generated phonons is determined by the superlattice period and is in the region of 0.4 THz. The dependence of the mode structure on the pump polarization suggests that a Raman scattering process is responsible for coherent phonon generation. Using bolometers on the back surface of the substrate, we show that the transverse phonons leak out of the superlattice and propagate over macroscopic distances at low temperature.
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63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
63.20.D- Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
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